{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:22:33Z","timestamp":1791256953699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoclasts are derived from hemopoietic stem cells and play critical roles in bone resorption and remodeling. Multinucleated osteoclasts are attached tightly to bone matrix, whereas precursor cells with the potential to differentiate into osteoclasts in culture are widely distributed. In this study, we assessed the characteristics of osteoclast precursors in bone marrow (BM) and in extramedullary organs as indicated by their responsiveness to ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and to TNF-\u03b1. Development of osteoclasts from precursor cells in the BM was inhibited by CpG oligonucleotides, a ligand for TLR9, but not by LPS, a ligand for TLR4. BM osteoclasts were induced by TNF-\u03b1 as well as receptor activator of NF-\u03baB ligand in the presence of M-CSF. Splenic osteoclast precursors, even in osteoclast-deficient osteopetrotic mice, differentiated into mature osteoclasts following exposure to TNF-\u03b1 or receptor activator of NF-\u03baB ligand. However, splenic osteoclastogenesis was inhibited by both LPS and CpG. Osteoclastogenesis from peritoneal precursors was inhibited by not only these TLR ligands but also TNF-\u03b1. The effects of peptidoglycan, a ligand for TLR2, were similar to those of LPS. BM cells precultured with M-CSF were characterized with intermediate characteristics between those of splenic and peritoneal cavity precursors. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that osteoclast precursors are not identical in the tissues examined. To address the question of why mature osteoclasts occur only in association with bone, we may characterize not only the microenvironment for osteoclastogenesis, but also the osteoclast precursor itself in intramedullary and extramedullary tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T18:22:42Z","timestamp":1398018162000},"page":"5130-5139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Distinct Osteoclast Precursors in the Bone Marrow and Extramedullary Organs Characterized by Responsiveness to Toll-Like Receptor Ligands and TNF-\u03b1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Shin-Ichi","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University , Tottori ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University , Tottori ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motokazu","family":"Tsuneto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University , Tottori ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Yamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University , Tottori ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medical Science Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical , Tokushima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard D","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory , Bar Harbor, ME 04609"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University , Tottori ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University , Tottori ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210234274600_R1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Principles of Bone Biology","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026020210234274600_R2","first-page":"911","volume-title":"Biochem. 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