{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T04:14:51Z","timestamp":1770092091423,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infection remains the major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation. Therefore, reconstitution of the innate immunity against infections, without activation of the adaptive immune responses, to prevent graft rejection is a clinically desirable status in transplant recipients. We found that GM-CSF restored TNF mRNA and protein expression without inducing IL-2 production and T cell proliferation in glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed blood from either healthy donors or liver transplant patients. Gene array experiments indicated that GM-CSF selectively restored a variety of dexamethasone-suppressed, LPS-inducible genes relevant for innate immunity. A possible explanation for the lack of GM-CSF to restore T cell proliferation is its enhancement of the release of IL-1\u03b2R antagonist, rather than of IL-1\u03b2 itself, since exogenously added IL-1\u03b2 induced an IL-2-independent Con A-stimulated proliferation of glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed lymphocytes. Finally, to test the in vivo relevance of our findings, we showed that GM-CSF restored the survival of dexamethasone- or cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice from an otherwise lethal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. In addition to this increased resistance to infection, GM-CSF did not induce graft rejection of a skin allotransplant in cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice. The selective restoration potential of GM-CSF suggests its therapeutic use in improving the resistance against infections upon organ transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.2.938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T19:29:26Z","timestamp":1398022166000},"page":"938-947","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["GM-CSF Restores Innate, But Not Adaptive, Immune Responses in Glucocorticoid-Immunosuppressed Human Blood In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Schuchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Ku\u0308hnle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meergans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana P","family":"Barreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansgar W","family":"Lohse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albrecht","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210223513000_R1","first-page":"1813","volume-title":"N. 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