{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:10:54Z","timestamp":1790968254432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Different TLRs and the adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) were previously shown to mediate in vitro cell activation induced by group B streptococcus (GBS). The present study examined the potential in vivo roles of TLR2 and MyD88 during infection with GBS. When pups were infected locally with a low bacterial dose, none of the TLR2- or MyD88-deficient mice, but all of the wild-type ones, were able to prevent systemic spread of GBS from the initial focus. Bacterial burden was higher in MyD88- than in TLR2-deficient mice, indicating a more profound defect of host defense in the former animals. In contrast, a high bacterial dose induced high level bacteremia in both mutant and wild-type mice. Under these conditions, however, TLR2 or MyD88 deficiency significantly protected mice from lethality, concomitantly with decreased circulating levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6. Administration of anti-TNF-\u03b1 Abs to wild-type mice could mimic the effects of TLR2 or MyD88 deficiency and was detrimental in the low dose model, but protective in the high dose model. In conclusion, these data highlight a dual role of TLR2 and MyD88 in the host defense against GBS sepsis and strongly suggest TNF-\u03b1 as the molecular mediator of bacterial clearance and septic shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.6324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T20:55:35Z","timestamp":1398027335000},"page":"6324-6329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Dual Role of TLR2 and Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 in a Mouse Model of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina Medical School , Messina ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Midiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina Medical School , Messina ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Beninati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina Medical School , Messina ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina Medical School , Messina ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Galbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina Medical School , Messina ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuo","family":"Akira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University , Osaka ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Henneke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, Freiburg University , Freiburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Golenbock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina Medical School , Messina ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020211273969900_R1","first-page":"1094","volume-title":"Pediatrics","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020211273969900_R2","first-page":"751","volume-title":"Clin. 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