{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:26:45Z","timestamp":1788586005240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lepromatous leprosy granuloma is a dynamic entity requiring a steady influx of macrophages (M\u03c6) for its maintenance. We have developed an in vitro model to study the fate of Mycobacterium leprae in a LL lesion, with and without immunotherapeutic intervention. Target cells, consisting of granuloma M\u03c6 harvested from the footpads of M. leprae-infected athymic nu\/nu mice, were cocultured with normal or IFN-\u03b3-activated (ACT) effector M\u03c6. The bacilli were recovered and assessed for viability by radiorespirometry. M. leprae recovered from target M\u03c6 possessed high metabolic activity, indicating a viable state in this uncultivable organism. M. leprae recovered from target M\u03c6 incubated with normal effector M\u03c6 exhibited significantly higher metabolism. In contrast, bacilli recovered from target M\u03c6 cocultured with ACT effector \u039c\u03c6 displayed a markedly decreased metabolic activity. Inhibition by ACT M\u03c6 required an E:T ratio of at least 5:1, a coculture incubation period of 3\u20135 days, and the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates, but not reactive oxygen intermediates. Neither IFN-\u03b3 nor TNF-\u03b1 were required during the cocultivation period. However, cell-to-cell contact between the target and effector M\u03c6 was necessary for augmentation of M. leprae metabolism by normal effector M\u03c6 as well as for inhibition of M. leprae by ACT effector M\u03c6. Conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that the bacilli from the target M\u03c6 were acquired by the effector M\u03c6. Thus, the state of M\u03c6 infiltrating the granuloma may markedly affect the viability of M. leprae residing in M\u03c6 in the lepromatous lesion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.12.7771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T00:51:09Z","timestamp":1398127869000},"page":"7771-7779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["An In Vitro Model for the Lepromatous Leprosy Granuloma: Fate of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium leprae<\/i>\n                    from Target Macrophages after Interaction with Normal and Activated Effector Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Deanna A","family":"Hagge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hansen\u2019s Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine , Baton Rouge, LA 70803"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashone A","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hansen\u2019s Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine , Baton Rouge, LA 70803"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L","family":"Krahenbuhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hansen\u2019s Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine , Baton Rouge, LA 70803"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hansen\u2019s Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine , Baton Rouge, LA 70803"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020211255309000_R1","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Granulomatous Infections and Inflammations: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020211255309000_R2","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Int. 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