{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:01:19Z","timestamp":1790895679867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Schistosoma mansoni infection is highly endemic in parts of Uganda, and periportal fibrosis is common in communities along the shore of Lake Albert. In this study, we have identified cellular immune responses associated with fibrosis. A cohort of 199 individuals aged 6\u201350, resident in the village for at least 10 years or since birth, were examined for evidence of periportal fibrosis by ultrasound using the Niamey protocol. Whole-blood samples were assayed for levels of nine cellular immune molecules (IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, and RANTES) in the absence of in vitro Ag stimulation, and after stimulation with egg and worm Ags. A lack of Ag specificity allowed the number of variables in the analysis to be reduced by factor analysis. The resulting factor scores were then entered into a risk analysis using a classification tree algorithm. Children, adult males, and adult females had different factors associated with fibrosis. Most cases of fibrosis in children (eight of nine) were associated with low (&amp;lt;47th percentile) IL-10 factor scores. Adult females at lowest risk had relatively high IFN-\u03b3 factor scores (&amp;gt;83rd percentile), whereas those at highest risk had a combination of intermediate (32nd to 83rd percentile) IFN-\u03b3 and relatively high (&amp;gt;60th percentile) TNF-\u03b1 factor scores. Adult males at lowest risk of fibrosis had moderate TNF-\u03b1 factor scores (55th to 82nd percentile), and a high risk was associated with either high TNF-\u03b1 factor scores (&amp;gt;82nd percentile), or intermediate TNF-\u03b1 combined with low RANTES factor scores (&amp;lt;58th percentile). These results demonstrate that periportal fibrosis is associated with cytokine production profiles that vary with both age and gender.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T20:30:46Z","timestamp":1398025846000},"page":"1295-1303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Periportal Fibrosis in Human\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    Infection Is Associated with Low IL-10, Low IFN-\u03b3, High TNF-\u03b1, or Low RANTES, Depending on Age and Gender"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Booth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph K","family":"Mwatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenyan Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Kadzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenyatta Hospital , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Ireri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenyan Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Kazibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovanice","family":"Kemijumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gachuhi","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenyan Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenyan Medical Research Institute , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcis B","family":"Kabatereine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte J","family":"Vennervald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory , Charlottenlund ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020214132769900_R1","first-page":"1298","volume-title":"J. 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