{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:45:54Z","timestamp":1790541954390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Basophil contribution to the IL-4 pool in filarial infections was assessed using PBMC from 20 patients with active filarial infections and from 9 uninfected subjects. Patient basophils released histamine in response to Brugia malayi Ag (BmAg). They also released IL-4 within 2 h after exposure to BmAg, as assessed by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. This IL-4 induction was Ag specific, as IL-4 was not detected in BmAg-exposed basophils obtained from uninfected subjects. Although there were, on average, 64 times more CD4+ T cells than basophils in the peripheral circulation of filaria-infected patients, the absolute numbers of basophils and CD4+ T cells producing IL-4 per 100,000 PBMC were equivalent (geometric mean: 16 IL-4-producing basophils\/100,000 PBMC vs 22 IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells\/100,000 PBMC). Basophils also released IL-4 in response to both low and high concentrations of BmAg, whereas CD4+ T cells released IL-4 only after incubation with a high concentration of BmAg, raising the possibility that basophils, due to their lower threshold for activation, may actually release IL-4 more frequently than CD4+ T cells in vivo. Furthermore, IL-4 production in vitro by Ag-stimulated purified basophils or CD4+ T cells provided evidence that basophils release greater quantities of IL-4 per cell than CD4+ T cells in response to BmAg. These results suggest that, when Ag-specific IgE is present in a filaria-infected individual, basophils function to amplify the ongoing Th2 response by releasing IL-4 in greater amounts and possibly more frequently than CD4+ T cells in response to filarial Ag.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T23:33:57Z","timestamp":1398209637000},"page":"2439-2445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Parasite Antigen-Driven Basophils Are a Major Source of IL-4 in Human Filarial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Edward","family":"Mitre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah T","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kubofcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020211202302400_R1","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R2","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R3","first-page":"593","volume-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R4","first-page":"B24","volume-title":"Nature","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R5","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Allergy","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R6","first-page":"974","volume-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R7","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Lab. Invest.","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R8","first-page":"1376","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R9","first-page":"1158","volume-title":"Lancet","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R10","first-page":"3567","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R11","first-page":"3704","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R12","first-page":"S9","volume-title":"Inflamm. Res.","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R13","first-page":"2493","volume-title":"Eur. J. Immunol.","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R14","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R15","first-page":"1147","volume-title":"Eur. J. Immunol.","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R16","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R17","first-page":"736","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R18","first-page":"1148","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R19","first-page":"529","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R20","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Nature","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R21","first-page":"811","volume-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R22","first-page":"512","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R23","first-page":"417","volume-title":"Annu. Rev. Med.","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R24","first-page":"351","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R25","first-page":"1034","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R26","first-page":"166","volume-title":"Arch. Anat. Physiol.","year":"1879"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R27","first-page":"31207","volume-title":"J. Biol. Chem.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R28","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020211202302400_R29","first-page":"775","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/172\/4\/2439\/62594922\/2439.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/172\/4\/2439\/62594922\/2439.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T16:20:27Z","timestamp":1770049227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/172\/4\/2439\/8033632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2439","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}