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In this study, we demonstrate that complement activation products (C3a, C3b\/iC3b) are generated in the serum of experimental mice after CCl4 injection and that complement activation is required for normal liver regeneration. Decomplementation by cobra venom factor resulted in impaired entry of hepatocytes into S phase of the cell cycle. In addition, livers from C3-deficient (C3\u2212\/\u2212) mice showed similarly impaired proliferation of hepatocytes, along with delayed kinetics of both hepatocyte hyperplasia and removal of injured liver parenchyma. Restoration of hepatocyte proliferative capabilities of C3\u2212\/\u2212 mice through C3a reconstitution, as well as the impaired regeneration of C3a receptor-deficient mice, demonstrated that C3a promotes liver cell proliferation via the C3a receptor. These findings, together with data showing two waves of complement activation, indicate that C3 activation is a pivotal mechanism for liver regeneration after CCl4 injury, which fulfills multiple roles; C3a generated early after toxin injection is relevant during the priming of hepatocytes, whereas C3 activation at later times after CCl4 treatment contributes to the clearance of injured tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1398022642000},"page":"747-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["C3a and C3b Activation Products of the Third Component of Complement (C3) Are Critical for Normal Liver Recovery after Toxic Injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Maciej M","family":"Markiewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Mastellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Tudoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"DeAngelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph W","family":"Strey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick A","family":"Wetsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center , Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Erdei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Lora\u0301nd Eo\u0308tvo\u0308s , Budapest ,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Lambris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020212073979700_R1","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Trends Immunol.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020212073979700_R2","first-page":"3784","volume-title":"Blood","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020212073979700_R3","first-page":"6819","volume-title":"J. 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