{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:21:47Z","timestamp":1791116507808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The role of CD4 T cells in providing help to CD8 T cells in primary and secondary responses to infection remains controversial. Using recombinant strains of virus and bacteria expressing the same Ag, we determined the requirement for CD4 T cells in endogenous CD8 T cell responses to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus and Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Depletion of CD4 T cells had no effect on the frequency of primary or secondary vesicular stomatitis virus-specific CD8 T cells in either lymphoid or nonlymphoid tissues. In contrast, the primary LM-specific CD8 T cell response was CD4 T cell dependent. Surprisingly, the LM-specific CD8 T cell recall response was also CD4 T cell dependent, which correlated with a requirement for CD40\/CD40L interactions. However, concomitant inhibition of CD40L and CD4 T cell removal revealed that these pathways may be operating independently. Importantly, despite the absence of CD4 T cells during the recall response or throughout the entire response, CD8 memory T cells were functional effectors and proliferated equivalently to their \u201chelped\u201d counterparts. These data call into question the contention that CD4 T cells condition memory CD8 T cells during the primary response and indicate that the principal role of CD4 T cells in generating CD8 memory cells after infection is augmentation of proliferation or survival through costimulatory signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1398022642000},"page":"969-975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Fully Functional Memory CD8 T Cells in the Absence of CD4 T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Amanda L","family":"Marzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaiva","family":"Vezys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly D","family":"Klonowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guruprasaadh","family":"Muralimohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F","family":"Tough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research , Compton ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Lefranc\u0327ois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT 06030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020212104823500_R1","first-page":"368","volume-title":"Immunol. 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