{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:48:23Z","timestamp":1789444103440,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunity to the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is dependent on cell-mediated immunity. Individuals with defects in cellular immunity, CD4+ T cells in particular, are susceptible to infection with this pathogen. In host defense against a number of pathogens, CD8+ T cell responses are dependent upon CD4+ T cell help. The goal of these studies was to determine whether CD4+ T cells are required for the generation of antifungal CD8+ T cell effectors during pulmonary C. neoformans infection. Using a murine intratracheal infection model, our results demonstrated that CD4+ T cells were not required for the expansion and trafficking of CD8+ T cells to the site of infection. CD4+ T cells were also not required for the generation of IFN-\u03b3-producing CD8+ T cell effectors in the lungs. In CD4\u2212 mice, depletion of CD8+ T cells resulted in increased intracellular infection of pulmonary macrophages by C. neoformans, increasing the pulmonary burden of the infection. Neutralization of IFN-\u03b3 in CD4\u2212CD8+ mice similarly increased macrophage infection by C. neoformans, thereby blocking the protection provided by CD8+ T cells. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that effector CD8+ T cell function is independent of CD4+ T cells and that IFN-\u03b3 production from CD8+ T cells plays a role in controlling C. neoformans by limiting survival of C. neoformans within macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.7920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T18:24:02Z","timestamp":1398018242000},"page":"7920-7928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Generation of Antifungal Effector CD8+ T Cells in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells during\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Dennis M","family":"Lindell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick A","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galen B","family":"Toews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary B","family":"Huffnagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020213030364600_R1","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Trends Microbiol.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020213030364600_R2","first-page":"793","volume-title":"J. 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