{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:40:35Z","timestamp":1770486035308,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In contrast to other viral infections such as CMV, circulating frequencies of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood are quantitatively diminished in the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals. One mechanism for this quantitative defect is preferential infection of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells, although &amp;lt;10% of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are infected. Apoptosis has been proposed as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of CD4+ T cell depletion in HIV\/AIDS. We show here that, within HIV-1-infected individuals, a greater proportion of ex vivo HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells undergo apoptosis compared with CMV-specific CD4+ T cells (45 vs 7.4%, respectively, p &amp;lt; 0.05, in chronic progressors). The degree of apoptosis within HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells correlates with viral load and disease progression, and highly active antiretroviral therapy abrogates these differences. The data support a mechanism for apoptosis in these cells similar to that found in activation-induced apoptosis through the TCR, resulting in oxygen-free radical production, mitochondrial damage, and caspase-9 activation. That HIV-1 proteins can also directly enhance activation-induced apoptosis supports a mechanism for a preferential induction of apoptosis of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells, which contributes to a loss of immunological control of HIV-1 replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.4.2196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T22:28:51Z","timestamp":1398032931000},"page":"2196-2204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Preferential Apoptosis of HIV-1-Specific CD4+ T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Feng Yun","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin M","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Canadian Immunodeficiency Research Collaborative , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rowena C","family":"Dimayuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Immunodeficiency Research Collaborative , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao Xiao Jenny","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Immunodeficiency Research Collaborative , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario A","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020212243374300_R1","first-page":"478","volume-title":"Nature","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026020212243374300_R2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"J. 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