{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:48:25Z","timestamp":1790340505300,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junctions where thymus plays a pathogenetic role. Thymectomy benefits patients, and thymic hyperplasia, a lymphoid infiltration of perivascular spaces becoming site of autoantibody production, is recurrently observed. Cytokines and chemokines, produced by thymic epithelium and supporting survival and migration of T and B cells, are likely to be of great relevance in pathogenesis of thymic hyperplasia. In thymic epithelial cell (TEC) cultures derived \u201cin vitro\u201d from normal or hyperplastic age-matched MG thymuses, we demonstrate by gene profiling analysis that MG-TEC basally overexpress genes coding for p38 and ERK1\/2 MAPKs and for components of their signaling pathways. Immunoblotting experiments confirmed that p38 and ERK1\/2 proteins were overexpressed in MG-TEC and, in addition, constitutively activated. Pharmacological blockage with specific inhibitors confirmed their role in the control of IL-6 and RANTES gene expression. According to our results, IL-6 and RANTES levels were abnormally augmented in MG-TEC, either basally or upon induction by adhesion-related stimuli. The finding that IL-6 and RANTES modulate, respectively, survival and migration of peripheral lymphocytes of myasthenic patients point to MAPK transcriptional and posttranscriptional abnormalities of MG-TEC as a key step in the pathological remodelling of myasthenic thymus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.7021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T00:57:58Z","timestamp":1398041878000},"page":"7021-7028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Constitutive Activation of p38 and ERK1\/2 MAPKs in Epithelial Cells of Myasthenic Thymus Leads to IL-6 and RANTES Overexpression: Effects on Survival and Migration of Peripheral T and B Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Michaela","family":"Colombara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Pia","family":"Riviera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Clinical Immunology, G. 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Rossi Hospital , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Mainiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Institute Pasteur-Fondazione, Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome , \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d \u00a0","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Strippoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Institute Pasteur-Fondazione, Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome , \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d \u00a0","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Merola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Verona , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Fracasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Poffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona , Verona ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Clinical Immunology, G. 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