{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:38:13Z","timestamp":1790854693528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis is a disease characterized by immune dysregulation involving APC and T cell populations. To assess the contribution of TLR in mediating this dysregulation, we examined the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 on B cells and monocytes of filaria-infected and uninfected individuals. Baseline expression of TLR was significantly lower in B cells but not in monocytes of the filaria-infected group compared with the uninfected group. Upon stimulation with filarial Ag, a diminished up-regulation of TLR was observed in both B cells and monocytes of infected individuals. Finally, stimulation of B cells and monocytes with TLR ligands resulted in decreased B cell and monocyte activation\/cytokine production, indicating a state of immune tolerance. This dysregulation is associated with diminished CD4+ T cell production of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-5. The diminished expression and function of TLR is thus a likely consequence of chronic Ag stimulation and could serve as a novel mechanism underlying the dysfunctional immune response in filariasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.2.1170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T22:40:18Z","timestamp":1398206418000},"page":"1170-1176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Diminished Expression and Function of TLR in Lymphatic Filariasis: A Novel Mechanism of Immune Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla P","family":"Blauvelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Kumaraswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center , Chennai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020212152195300_R1","first-page":"733","volume-title":"Nat. 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