{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:04:33Z","timestamp":1791615873984,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The initial host response toward the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei is characterized by the early release of inflammatory mediators associated with a type 1 immune response. In this study, we show that this inflammatory response is dependent on activation of the innate immune system mediated by the adaptor molecule MyD88. In the present study, MyD88-deficient macrophages are nonresponsive toward both soluble variant-specific surface glycoprotein (VSG), as well as membrane-bound VSG purified from T. brucei. Infection of MyD88-deficient mice with either clonal or nonclonal stocks of T. brucei resulted in elevated levels of parasitemia. This was accompanied by reduced plasma IFN-\u03b3 and TNF levels during the initial stage of infection, followed by moderately lower VSG-specific IgG2a Ab titers during the chronic stages of infection. Analysis of several TLR-deficient mice revealed a partial requirement for TLR9 in the production of IFN-\u03b3 and VSG-specific IgG2a Ab levels during T. brucei infections. These results implicate the mammalian TLR family and MyD88 signaling in the innate immune recognition of T. brucei.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T21:32:33Z","timestamp":1398029553000},"page":"2501-2509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["The Induction of a Type 1 Immune Response following a\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>\n                    Infection Is MyD88 Dependent"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Michael B","family":"Drennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Disease Medical Research Council\/University of Cape Town Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche\u0301 Scientifique, Molecular Immunology and Embryology , Orle\u0301ans ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoi\u0302t","family":"Stijlemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie J","family":"Quesniaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche\u0301 Scientifique, Molecular Immunology and Embryology , Orle\u0301ans ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Barkhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Disease Medical Research Council\/University of Cape Town Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Brombacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Disease Medical Research Council\/University of Cape Town Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ryffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Disease Medical Research Council\/University of Cape Town Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche\u0301 Scientifique, Molecular Immunology and Embryology , Orle\u0301ans ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Disease Medical Research Council\/University of Cape Town Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020212150850700_R1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Immunol. 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