{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:56:00Z","timestamp":1789948560933,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Expressed on various cell types, the IL-4R\u03b1 is a component of both receptors for IL-4 and IL-13. Susceptibility of BALB\/c mice to Leishmania major is believed to be dependent on the development of IL-4- and IL-13-producing Th2 cells, while IFN-\u03b3 secretion by Th1 cells is related to resistance. Despite a sustained development of Th2 cells, IL-4R\u03b1-deficient BALB\/c mice are able to control acute cutaneous leishmaniasis, suggesting that IL-4R\u03b1-bearing cells other than Th2 cells contribute to susceptibility. To analyze the contribution of the IL-4R\u03b1 on macrophages, recently generated macrophage\/neutrophil-specific IL-4R\u03b1-deficient mice on a susceptible BALB\/c genetic background were infected with L. major. Strikingly, macrophage\/neutrophil-specific IL-4R\u03b1-deficient mice showed a significantly delayed disease progression with normal Th2 and type 2 Ab responses but improved macrophage leishmanicidal effector functions and reduced arginase activity. Together, these results suggest that alternative macrophage activation contributes to susceptibility in cutaneous leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.1115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T19:43:16Z","timestamp":1398022996000},"page":"1115-1121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Impairment of Alternative Macrophage Activation Delays Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Nonhealing BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ho\u0308lscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Junior Research Group Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center , Borstel ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Arendse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Schwegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmarie","family":"Myburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Brombacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020211370157900_R1","first-page":"2993","volume-title":"J. 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