{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:07:05Z","timestamp":1773410825181,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infections of highly susceptible BALB\/c mice with virulent strains of Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei result in rapid death (8 days). We have previously shown that this mortality is IFN-\u03b3 dependent. In this study we show that IFN-\u03b3 is produced predominantly by CD3+Thy1.2+TCR\u03b2+CD4+ T cells shortly before the death of infected mice. Mortality may therefore be dependent on IFN-\u03b3-producing CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, infected CD4+\/+ and CD4\u2212\/\u2212 BALB\/c mice have similar parasitemia and survival time. In infected CD4\u2212\/\u2212 mice, the production of both IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 is very low, suggesting that both cytokines are predominantly produced by CD4+ T cells and that the outcome of the disease might depend on the balance of their effects. Infected BALB\/c mice partially depleted of CD4+ T cells or MHC class II function have lower parasitemia and survive significantly longer than infected normal BALB\/c mice or infected BALB\/c mice whose CD4+ T cells are fully depleted. Partial depletion of CD4+ T cells markedly reduces IFN-\u03b3 secretion without a major effect on the production of IL-10 and parasite-specific IgG2a Abs. Based on our previous and current data, we conclude that a subset of a pathogenic, MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells (Tp cells), activated during the course of T. congolense infection, mediates early mortality in infected BALB\/c mice via excessive synthesis of IFN-\u03b3. IFN-\u03b3, in turn, exerts its pathological effect by enhancing the cytokine release syndrome of the macrophage system activated by the phagocytosis of parasites. We speculate that IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells might counteract this effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T18:20:05Z","timestamp":1398018005000},"page":"1724-1732","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Experimental African Trypanosomiasis: A Subset of Pathogenic, IFN-\u03b3-Producing, MHC Class II-Restricted CD4+ T Cells Mediates Early Mortality in Highly Susceptible Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Meiqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanling","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Tabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020214091461800_R1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R2","first-page":"876","volume-title":"J. Parasitol.","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R3","first-page":"1619","volume-title":"Microbes Infect.","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R4","first-page":"645","volume-title":"Mamm. Genome","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R5","first-page":"194","volume-title":"Nat. Genet.","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R6","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Eur. J. Immunol.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R7","first-page":"5507","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R8","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R9","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R10","first-page":"641","volume-title":"Cytokine Reference","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R11","first-page":"6189","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R12","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Nature","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R13","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R14","first-page":"521","volume-title":"Exp. Parasitol.","year":"1970"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R15","first-page":"713","volume-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R16","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Semin. Immunol.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R17","first-page":"405","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R18","first-page":"629","volume-title":"Immunology","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R19","first-page":"399","volume-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R20","first-page":"1429","volume-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R21","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R22","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Cytokine Reference","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R23","first-page":"1794","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R24","first-page":"1198","volume-title":"J. Exp. Med.","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R25","first-page":"8393","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R26","first-page":"2337","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R27","first-page":"714","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R28","first-page":"1427","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R29","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Exp. Parasitol.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R30","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Exp. Parasitol.","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R31","first-page":"221","volume-title":"J. Exp. Med.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R32","first-page":"502","volume-title":"Nature","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R33","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Parasite Immunol.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R34","first-page":"1024","volume-title":"Cytokine","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R35","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Eur J. Biochem.","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R36","first-page":"999","volume-title":"Microbes Infect.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020214091461800_R37","first-page":"984","volume-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/176\/3\/1724\/62640170\/1724.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/176\/3\/1724\/62640170\/1724.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T19:14:38Z","timestamp":1770059678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/176\/3\/1724\/8059791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1724","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}}}