{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:17:13Z","timestamp":1790900233219,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Whipple\u2019s disease is a rare infectious disorder caused by Tropheryma whipplei. Major symptoms are arthropathy, weight loss, and diarrhea, but the CNS and other organs may be affected, too. The incidence of Whipple\u2019s disease is very low despite the ubiquitous presence of T. whipplei in the environment. Therefore, it has been suggested that host factors indicated by immune deficiencies are responsible for the development of Whipple\u2019s disease. However, T. whipplei-specific T cell responses could not be studied until now, because cultivation of the bacteria was established only recently. Thus, the availability of T. whipplei Twist-MarseilleT has enabled the first analysis of T. whipplei-specific reactivity of CD4+ T cells. A robust T. whipplei-specific CD4+ Th1 reactivity and activation (expression of CD154) was detected in peripheral and duodenal lymphocytes of all healthy (16 young, 27 age-matched, 11 triathletes) and disease controls (17 patients with tuberculosis) tested. However, 32 Whipple\u2019s disease patients showed reduced or absent T. whipplei-specific Th1 responses, whereas their capacity to react to other common Ags like tetanus toxoid, tuberculin, actinomycetes, Giardia lamblia, or CMV was not reduced compared with controls. Hence, we conclude that an insufficient T. whipplei-specific Th1 response may be responsible for an impaired immunological clearance of T. whipplei in Whipple\u2019s disease patients and may contribute to the fatal natural course of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T16:59:02Z","timestamp":1398358742000},"page":"2015-2022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Reduced Peripheral and Mucosal <i>Tropheryma whipplei<\/i>-Specific Th1 Response in Patients with Whipple\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Verena","family":"Moos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charite\u0301-Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De\u0301sire\u0301e","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charite\u0301-Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Marth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Josefs Krankenhaus , Zell\/Mosel ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard E","family":"Feurle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rotes Kreuz Krankenhaus , Neuwied ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"LaScola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 de Rickettsies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite\u0301 Mixte de Recherche 6020, Faculte\u0301 de Medicine , Marseille ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Ignatius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung fu\u0308r Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Infektions-Immunologie, Charite\u0301-Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Zeitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charite\u0301-Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charite\u0301-Universita\u0308tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032807094180500_R1","first-page":"382","volume-title":"Bull. 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