{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:27:25Z","timestamp":1781785645468,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Orthopoxviruses evade host immune responses by using a number of strategies, including decoy chemokine receptors, regulation of apoptosis, and evasion of complement-mediated lysis. Different from other poxviral subfamilies, however, orthopoxviruses are not known to evade recognition by CTL. In fact, vaccinia virus (VV) is used as a vaccine against smallpox and a vector for eliciting strong T cell responses to foreign Ags. and both human and mouse T cells are readily stimulated by VV-infected APC in vitro. Surprisingly, however, CD8+ T cells of mice infected with cowpox virus (CPV) or VV recognized APC infected with VV but not APC infected with CPV. Likewise, CD8+ T cells from vaccinated human subjects could not be activated by CPV-infected targets and CPV prevented the recognition of VV-infected APC upon coinfection. Because CD8+ T cells recognize viral peptides presented by MHC class I (MHC I), we examined surface expression, total levels, and intracellular maturation of MHC I in CPV- and VV-infected human and mouse cells. Although total levels of MHC I were unchanged, CPV reduced surface levels and inhibited the intracellular transport of MHC I early during infection. CPV did not prevent peptide loading of MHC I but completely inhibited MHC I exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Because this inhibition was independent of viral replication, we conclude that an early gene product of CPV abrogates MHC I trafficking, thus rendering CPV-infected cells \u201cinvisible\u201d to T cells. The absence of this immune evasion mechanism in VV likely limits virulence without compromising immunogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T19:08:45Z","timestamp":1397848125000},"page":"1654-1661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Cowpox Virus Evades CTL Recognition and Inhibits the Intracellular Transport of MHC Class I Molecules"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Anindya","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute , Beaverton, OR 97006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Hammarlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute , Beaverton, OR 97006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark K","family":"Slifka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute , Beaverton, OR 97006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fru\u0308h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute , Beaverton, OR 97006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012810535762500_R1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Curr. 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