{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T04:20:54Z","timestamp":1759638054625,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Infection with Leishmania donovani is associated with IL-10 as well as with GM-CSF. Immune complexes (IC) exert important functions by stimulation of monocytes\/macrophage-mediated production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatic diseases. In this investigation, we have explored IC-induced cytokine production during Leishmania infection. Sera from 43 patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 17 patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, and 20 healthy Sudanese controls were precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG precipitates were added to serum-free PBMC for 20 h,whereupon supernatant levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, TNF-\u03b1, TNF receptor p75, and GM-CSF were investigated using ELISA. Circulating levels of C1q-binding IC were also measured in the serum samples. PEG precipitates from Leishmania-infected patients induced significantly higher levels of GM-CSF (p = 0.0037) and IL-10 (p &amp;lt; 0.0001), as well as of IL-6 (p &amp;lt; 0.0001) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (p = 0.0238) as compared with PEG precipitates from controls. Patients with acute VL as well as VL patients receiving sodium stibogluconate treatment displayed significantly increased levels of PEG precipitate-induced GM-CSF. The induction of GM-CSF by circulating IC was especially prominent in acute VL patients receiving sodium stibogluconate treatment; ANOVA revealed significant interaction between disease activity and treatment for PEG precipitate-induced levels of GM-CSF (disease activity, p = 0.0006; treatment, p = 0.0005; interaction, p = 0.0046). Parallel associations were determined for C1q-binding immune complexes, but not for any cytokine other than GM-CSF. The importance of IC-induced GM-CSF in leishmaniasis warrants further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T22:55:39Z","timestamp":1397861739000},"page":"5383-5389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Circulating Immune Complexes (IC) and IC-Induced Levels of GM-CSF Are Increased in Sudanese Patients with Acute Visceral <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> Infection Undergoing Sodium Stibogluconate Treatment: Implications for Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Amir Ibrahim","family":"Elshafie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, Alribate University Hospital , Khartoum ,","place":["Sudan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"A\u030ahlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Mathsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gehad","family":"ElGhazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Khartoum ,","place":["Sudan"]},{"name":"King Fahad Medical City , Riyadh ,","place":["Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Ro\u0308nnelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,15]]},"reference":[{"first-page":"29","volume-title":"J. 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