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However, once the first peak of parasitemia has been controlled, down-regulation of the type 1 immune response has been described. In this study, we have evaluated whether regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the limitation of the immune response occurring during Trypanosoma congolense infection and hereby influence the outcome of the disease in trypanotolerant C57BL\/6 host. Our data show that Foxp3+ Tregs originating from the naturally occurring Treg pool expanded in the spleen and the liver of infected mice. These cells produced IL-10 and limited the production of IFN-\u03b3 by CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells. Tregs also down-regulated classical activation of macrophages resulting in reduced TNF-\u03b1 production. The Treg-mediated suppression of the type 1 inflammatory immune response did not hamper parasite clearance, but was beneficial for the host survival by limiting the tissue damages, including liver injury. Collectively, these data suggest a cardinal role for naturally occurring Tregs in the development of a trypanotolerant phenotype during African trypanosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T19:17:46Z","timestamp":1397848666000},"page":"2748-2757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["African Trypanosomiasis: Naturally Occurring Regulatory T Cells Favor Trypanotolerance by Limiting Pathology Associated with Sustained Type 1 Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Guilliams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Oldenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie et Me\u0301decine Mole\u0301culaires, Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"He\u0301rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Unite\u0301 de Recherche en Physiologie Mole\u0301culaire, Faculte\u0301s Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix , Namur ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Brys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ve\u0301ronique","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology, Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie et Me\u0301decine Mole\u0301culaires, Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles , Gosselies ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Beschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012809294886600_R1","first-page":"126","volume-title":"Trends Parasitol.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026012809294886600_R2","first-page":"450","volume-title":"Trends Immunol.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026012809294886600_R3","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Nat. 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