{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:04:55Z","timestamp":1791180295915,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Demonstration of ectopic germinal center-like structures (GC-LSs) in chronically inflamed tissues in patients with autoimmune disorders is a relatively common finding. However, to what extent ectopic lymphoid structures behave as true GC and are able to support class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the Ig genes is still debated. In addition, no information is available on whether CSR and SHM can take place in the absence of GCs at extrafollicular sites in an ectopic lymphoid tissue. In this study, we show that in salivary glands (SGs) of Sjo\u0308gren\u2019s syndrome (SS) activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), the enzyme responsible for CSR and SHM is invariably expressed within follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks but is not detectable in SGs in the absence of ectopic GC-LSs, suggesting that FDC networks play an essential role in sustaining the Ag-driven B cell proliferation within SS-SGs. We also show that the recently described population of interfollicular large B cells selectively expresses AID outside ectopic GC in the T cell-rich areas of periductal aggregates. Finally, we report that AID retains its exclusive association with numerous, residual GCs in parotid SS-MALT lymphomas, whereas neoplastic marginal zone-like B cells are consistently AID negative. These results strongly support the notion that ectopic lymphoid structures in SS-SGs express the molecular machinery to support local autoantibody production and B cell expansion and may play a crucial role toward lymphomagenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.7.4929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T18:54:06Z","timestamp":1397847246000},"page":"4929-4938","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression in Follicular Dendritic Cell Networks and Interfollicular Large B Cells Supports Functionality of Ectopic Lymphoid Neogenesis in Autoimmune Sialoadenitis and MALT Lymphoma in Sjo\u0308gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Bombardieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew\u2019s and Royal London School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Terapia Medica, Cattedra di Reumatologia, Universita\u0300 di Roma \u2018La Sapienza\u2019 , Roma ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Humby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew\u2019s and Royal London School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew\u2019s and Royal London School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McGurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Challacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"De Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica di Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universita\u0300 di Udine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, DPMSC, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 1 , Udine ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Valesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Terapia Medica, Cattedra di Reumatologia, Universita\u0300 di Roma \u2018La Sapienza\u2019 , Roma ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Division of Infection, Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"Pitzalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012810590671700_R1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Curr. 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