{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:06:25Z","timestamp":1791421585610,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>IL-33 (IL-1F11) binds ST2 (IL-1R4), both of which are associated with optimal CD4+ Th2 polarization. Exogenous IL-33 drives induction of Th2-associated cytokines and associated pathological changes within the gut mucosa. Th2 polarization is also a prerequisite to expulsion of the intestinal-dwelling nematode Trichuris muris. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-33 mRNA is expressed early during parasite infection and susceptible mice can be induced to expel the parasite by a regime of exogenous IL-33 administration. IL-33 prevents an inappropriate parasite-specific Th1-polarized response and induces IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13. This redirection requires the presence of T cells and must occur at the initiation of the response to the pathogen. Interestingly, exogenous IL-33 also induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin mRNA within the infected caecum, an epithelial cell-restricted cytokine essential for the generation of Th2-driven parasite immunity. IL-33 also acts independently of T cells, altering intestinal pathology in chronically infected SCID mice, leading to an increased crypt length and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, but reducing goblet cell hyperplasia. Thus, the ability of IL-33 to induce Th2 responses has functional relevance in the context of intestinal helminth infection, particularly during the initiation of the response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T23:26:28Z","timestamp":1397863588000},"page":"2443-2449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":350,"title":["IL-33, a Potent Inducer of Adaptive Immunity to Intestinal Nematodes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Neil E","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foo Y","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032700594471600_R1","first-page":"483","volume-title":"Eur. 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