{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:02:19Z","timestamp":1783702939486,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), caused by HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection, is an acute neuroinflammatory condition of the CNS and remains the most common type of sporadic viral encephalitis worldwide. Studies in humans have shown that susceptibility to HSE depends in part on the genetic make-up of the host, with deleterious mutations in the TLR3\/type I IFN axis underlying some cases of childhood HSE. Using an in vivo chemical mutagenesis screen for HSV-1 susceptibility in mice, we identified a susceptible pedigree carrying a causal truncating mutation in the Rel gene (RelC307X), encoding for the NF-\u03baB transcription factor subunit c-Rel. Like Myd88\u2212\/\u2212 and Irf3\u2212\/\u2212 mice, RelC307X mice were susceptible to intranasal HSV-1 infection. Reciprocal bone marrow transfers into lethally irradiated hosts suggested that defects in both hematopoietic and CNS-resident cellular compartments contributed together to HSE susceptibility in RelC307X mice. Although the RelC307X mutation maintained cell-intrinsic antiviral control, it drove increased apoptotic cell death in infected fibroblasts. Moreover, reduced numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, and dysregulated NK cell and CD4+ effector T cell responses in infected RelC307X animals, indicated that protective immunity was also compromised in these mice. In the CNS, moribund RelC307X mice failed to control HSV-1 viral replication in the brainstem and cerebellum, triggering cell death and elevated expression of Ccl2, Il6, and Mmp8 characteristic of HSE neuroinflammation and pathology. In summary, our work implicates c-Rel in both CNS-resident cell survival and lymphocyte responses to HSV-1 infection and as a novel cause of HSE disease susceptibility in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T20:35:42Z","timestamp":1548448542000},"page":"1479-1493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["<i>Rel<\/i>-Dependent Immune and Central Nervous System Mechanisms Control Viral Replication and Inflammation during Mouse Herpes Simplex Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Mancini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9gory","family":"Caignard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est, Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail, \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1161 Virologie , 94706 Maisons-Alfort ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Charbonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1 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Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Gerondakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique\u2013Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman 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McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417560986000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02917-14","article-title":"Entry mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 into murine epidermis: involvement of nectin-1 and herpesvirus entry mediator as cellular receptors","volume":"89","author":"Petermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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