{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:43:28Z","timestamp":1788900208399,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, determine immune cell phenotype. To understand the epigenetic alterations induced by helminth coinfections, we evaluated the longitudinal effect of ascariasis and schistosomiasis infection on CD4+ T cell DNA methylation and the downstream tuberculosis (TB)\u2013specific and bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin\u2013induced immune phenotype. All experiments were performed on human primary immune cells from a longitudinal cohort of recently TB-exposed children. Compared with age-matched uninfected controls, children with active Schistosoma haematobium and Ascaris lumbricoides infection had 751 differentially DNA-methylated genes, with 72% hypermethylated. Gene ontology pathway analysis identified inhibition of IFN-\u03b3 signaling, cellular proliferation, and the Th1 pathway. Targeted real-time quantitative PCR after methyl-specific endonuclease digestion confirmed DNA hypermethylation of the transcription factors BATF3, ID2, STAT5A, IRF5, PPARg, RUNX2, IRF4, and NFATC1 and cytokines or cytokine receptors IFNGR1, TNFS11, RELT (TNF receptor), IL12RB2, and IL12B (p &amp;lt; 0.001; Sidak\u2013Bonferroni). Functional blockage of the IFN-\u03b3 signaling pathway was confirmed, with helminth-infected individuals having decreased upregulation of IFN-\u03b3\u2013inducible genes (Mann\u2013Whitney p &amp;lt; 0.05). Hypomethylation of the IL-4 pathway and DNA hypermethylation of the Th1 pathway was confirmed by Ag-specific multidimensional flow cytometry demonstrating decreased TB-specific IFN-\u03b3 and TNF and increased IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells (Wilcoxon signed-rank p &amp;lt; 0.05). In S. haematobium\u2013infected individuals, these DNA methylation and immune phenotypic changes persisted at least 6 mo after successful deworming. This work demonstrates that helminth infection induces DNA methylation and immune perturbations that inhibit TB-specific immune control and that the duration of these changes are helminth specific.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T10:25:13Z","timestamp":1526034313000},"page":"124-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Schistosomiasis Induces Persistent DNA Methylation and Tuberculosis-Specific Immune Changes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Andrew R","family":"DiNardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Tuberculosis Program, Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Nishiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Tuberculosis Program, Immigrant and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M","family":"Mace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimal","family":"Rajapakshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2172-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godwin","family":"Mtetwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor\u2013Swaziland Children\u2019s Foundation , Mbabane H100 ,","place":["Swaziland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor\u2013Swaziland Children\u2019s Foundation , Mbabane H100 ,","place":["Swaziland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gugu","family":"Maphalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health , Mbabane H100 ,","place":["Swaziland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rojelio","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan S","family":"Orange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Coarfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil N","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A","family":"Graviss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute , Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M","family":"Mandalakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Tuberculosis Program, Immigrant and Global Health, Department of 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