{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1759936141725,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>HIV coinfection is the greatest risk factor for transition of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection into active tuberculosis (TB). Epidemiological data reveal both the reduction and the impairment of M. tuberculosis\u2013specific CD4 T cells, although the cellular link and actual mechanisms resulting in immune impairment\/suppression need further characterization. M. tuberculosis\u2013specific CD4 T cells play a central role in development of protective immunity against TB, in which they participate in the activation of macrophages through the dendritic cell (DC)\u2013T cell axis. Using an in vitro priming system for generating Ag-specific T cells, we explored if HIV\u2013M. tuberculosis\u2013infected (coinfected) human DCs can dysregulate the M. tuberculosis\u2013specific CD4 T cell phenotype and functionality and subsequently mediate the failure to control M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages. After coculture with coinfected DCs, M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells lost their ability to enhance control of M. tuberculosis infection in infected macrophages. Coinfection of DCs reduced proliferation of M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells without affecting their viability, led to increased expression of coinhibitory factors CTLA-4, PD-1, and Blimp-1, and decreased expression of costimulatory molecules CD40L, CD28, and ICOS on the T cells. Expression of the regulatory T cell markers FOXP3 and CD25, together with the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-\u03b2 and IL-10, was also significantly increased by coinfection compared with M. tuberculosis single infection. Our data suggest a pattern in which HIV, through its effect on DCs, impairs the ability of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells to maintain a latent TB within human macrophages, which could play an early role in the subsequent development of TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T23:05:13Z","timestamp":1546038313000},"page":"816-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["HIV Interferes with the Dendritic Cell\u2013T Cell Axis of Macrophage Activation by Shifting <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\u2013Specific CD4 T Cells into a Dysfunctional Phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Susmita K","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 85 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 85 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sch\u00f6n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 85 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital , 391 85 Kalmar ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olle","family":"Stendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 85 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Blomgran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 85 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417560451700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130437","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0437","article-title":"The ongoing challenge of latent tuberculosis","volume":"369","author":"Esmail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. 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