{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:19:47Z","timestamp":1790173187465,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Severe respiratory virus infections feature robust local host responses that contribute to disease severity. Immunomodulatory strategies that limit virus-induced inflammation may be of critical importance, notably in the absence of antiviral vaccines. In this study, we examined the role of the pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 in acute infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a natural rodent pathogen that is related to respiratory syncytial virus and that generates local inflammation as a feature of severe infection. In contrast to Influenza A, PVM is substantially less lethal in IL-6\u2212\/\u2212 mice than it is in wild-type, a finding associated with diminished neutrophil recruitment and reduced fluid accumulation in lung tissue. Ly6Chi proinflammatory monocytes are recruited in response to PVM via a CCR2-dependent mechanism, but they are not a major source of IL-6 nor do they contribute to lethal sequelae of infection. By contrast, alveolar macrophages are readily infected with PVM in vivo; ablation of alveolar macrophages results in prolonged survival in association with a reduction in virus-induced IL-6. Finally, as shown previously, administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum to the respiratory tracts of PVM-infected mice promoted survival in association with diminished levels of IL-6. We demonstrated in this study that IL-6 suppression is a critical feature of the protective mechanism; PVM-infected IL-6\u2212\/\u2212 mice responded to low doses of L. plantarum, and administration of IL-6 overcame L. plantarum\u2013mediated protection in PVM-infected wild-type mice. Taken together, these results connect the actions of IL-6 to PVM pathogenesis and suggest cytokine blockade as a potential therapeutic modality in severe infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T19:58:59Z","timestamp":1545422339000},"page":"871-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Critical Adverse Impact of IL-6 in Acute Pneumovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-8128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline M","family":"Percopo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia O","family":"Krumholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J","family":"Break","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Laky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene F","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417560473300_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202291","article-title":"Novel insights into immune and inflammatory responses to respiratory viruses","volume":"68","author":"Schwarze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Innate immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"372","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799828346","article-title":"Inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and the development of immunomodulatory pharmacotherapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r4","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Perspectives in Medical Virology.","author":"Easton","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.03.013","article-title":"Pneumonia virus of mice: severe respiratory infection in a natural host","volume":"118","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L148","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00065.2011","article-title":"Animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease","volume":"301","author":"Bem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123494","article-title":"The Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) model of acute respiratory infection","volume":"4","author":"Dyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.2.1237-1244.2003","article-title":"Altered pathogenesis of severe pneumovirus infection in response to combined antiviral and specific immunomodulatory agents","volume":"77","author":"Bonville","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7984","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.7984-7989.2004","article-title":"Functional antagonism of chemokine receptor CCR1 reduces mortality in acute pneumovirus infection in vivo","volume":"78","author":"Bonville","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002358","article-title":"ChemR23 dampens lung inflammation and enhances anti-viral immunity in a mouse model of acute viral pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Bondue","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.10.004","article-title":"Ribavirin and cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor blockade as treatment for severe bronchiolitis","volume":"69","author":"Bonville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L451","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00368.2010","article-title":"Role of the Fas\/FasL system in a model of RSV infection in mechanically ventilated mice","volume":"301","author":"van den Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6281","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00464-14","article-title":"Animal model of respiratory syncytial virus: CD8+ T cells cause a cytokine storm that is chemically tractable by sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor agonist therapy","volume":"88","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4MR0716-290R","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptor immunomodulation of innate immunity as a strategy to limit the impact of influenza virus","volume":"101","author":"Pizzolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001751","article-title":"Lactobacillus-mediated priming of the respiratory mucosa protects against lethal pneumovirus infection","volume":"186","author":"Gabryszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.06.012","article-title":"Effect of intranasal administration of Lactobacillus pentosus S-PT84 on influenza virus infection in mice","volume":"10","author":"Izumo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-14-40","article-title":"Nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains differentially modulate respiratory antiviral immune responses and induce protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Tomosada","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075368","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum DK119 as a probiotic confers protection against influenza virus by modulating innate immunity","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17487-8","article-title":"Heat-killed Lactobacillus casei confers broad protection against influenza A virus primary infection and develops heterosubtypic immunity against future secondary infection","volume":"7","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.162","article-title":"Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections","volume":"17","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.020","article-title":"Microbial influence on tolerance and opportunities for intervention with prebiotics\/probiotics and bacterial lysates","volume":"131","author":"Pfefferle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.02.008","article-title":"Immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory responses of bacterial lysates in respiratory infections and asthma","volume":"114","author":"Kearney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400087","article-title":"B cells are not essential for Lactobacillus-mediated protection against lethal pneumovirus infection","volume":"192","author":"Percopo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3AB0217-050RR","article-title":"Administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum delays but does not prevent lethal pneumovirus infection in Rag1-\/- mice","volume":"102","author":"Percopo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.07.001","article-title":"Immunobiotic Lactobacillus administered post-exposure averts the lethal sequelae of respiratory virus infection","volume":"121","author":"Percopo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1917","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Gabay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034","article-title":"The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6","volume":"1813","author":"Scheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.02.008","article-title":"The IL-6\/gp130\/STAT3 signaling axis: recent advances towards specific inhibition","volume":"34","author":"Garbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4666","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-6: all the way to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"8","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.56.5.565","article-title":"Establishment of the role of IL-6 and TNF receptor 1 using gene knockout mice","volume":"56","author":"Bluethmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208421","article-title":"Late interleukin-6 escalates T follicular helper cell responses and controls a chronic viral infection","volume":"334","author":"Harker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit038","article-title":"Viral shedding and immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults","volume":"207","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182a14407","article-title":"Novel inflammatory markers, clinical risk factors and virus type associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"32","author":"Tabarani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038214","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is a potential biomarker for severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A infection","volume":"7","author":"Paquette","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9071(200103)63:3<242::AID-JMV1007>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Pathology of fatal human infection associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus","volume":"63","author":"To","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00171-1","article-title":"Cytokines in the pathogenesis of influenza","volume":"74","author":"Van Reeth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.2","article-title":"Essential role of IL-6 in protection against H1N1 influenza virus by promoting neutrophil survival in the lung","volume":"5","author":"Dienz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243018","article-title":"Interleukin-6 limits influenza-induced inflammation and protects against fatal lung pathology","volume":"43","author":"Lauder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000006","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is crucial for recall of influenza-specific memory CD4 T cells","volume":"4","author":"Longhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006640","article-title":"Early IL-6 signalling promotes IL-27 dependent maturation of regulatory T cells in the lungs and resolution of viral immunopathology","volume":"13","author":"Pyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43829","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43829","article-title":"IL-6 ameliorates acute lung injury in influenza virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160417","article-title":"IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells into IL-21-producing B helper CD8+ T cells","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02279-15","article-title":"Priming of the respiratory tract with immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum limits infection of alveolar macrophages with recombinant pneumonia virus of mice (rK2-PVM)","volume":"90","author":"Dyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-9-79","article-title":"Acute lung inflammation and ventilator-induced lung injury caused by ATP via the P2Y receptors: an experimental study","volume":"9","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.2003065","article-title":"Fas\/FasL-dependent apoptosis of alveolar cells after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice","volume":"163","author":"Kitamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0086MA","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of macrophages and dendritic cell subsets in the mouse lung","volume":"49","author":"Misharin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1016-8_22","article-title":"Eosinophils and respiratory virus infection: a dual-standard curve qRT-PCR-based method for determining virus recovery from mouse lung tissue","volume":"1178","author":"Percopo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu035","article-title":"Effects of IL-6 and IL-6 blockade on neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo","volume":"53","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F864","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00025.2012","article-title":"Circulating IL-6 mediates lung injury via CXCL1 production after acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"303","author":"Ahuja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11619","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00375-08","article-title":"Role of T cells in virus control and disease after infection with pneumonia virus of mice","volume":"82","author":"Frey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.10.031","article-title":"Depletion of alveolar macrophages prolongs survival in response to acute pneumovirus infection","volume":"422","author":"Rigaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and functions of tissue macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.007","article-title":"Inflammatory monocyte effector mechanisms","volume":"291","author":"Lauvau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-7771-2-1","article-title":"Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304650","article-title":"Nonclassical patrolling monocyte function in the vasculature","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2017.12.005","article-title":"Immune regulation by monocytes","volume":"35","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2063","article-title":"The transcription factor NR4A1 (Nur77) controls bone marrow differentiation and the survival of Ly6C- monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2016-0181","article-title":"Current and future developments in the treatment of virus-induced hypercytokinemia","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0636-y","article-title":"New fronts emerge in the influenza cytokine storm","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.06.002","article-title":"Signaling via pattern recognition receptors NOD2 and TLR2 contributes to immunomodulatory control of lethal pneumovirus infection","volume":"132","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.049","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal Lactobacillus is associated with a reduced risk of childhood wheezing illnesses following acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy","volume":"142","author":"Rosas-Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.06.009","article-title":"The bacterial extract OM-85 BV protects mice against influenza and Salmonella infection","volume":"10","author":"Bessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-8-33","article-title":"Prevention of respiratory tract infections with bacterial lysate OM-85 bronchomunal in children and adults: a state of the art","volume":"8","author":"De Benedetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00090-16","article-title":"The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00323","article-title":"Induction and subversion of human protective immunity: contrasting influenza and respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"9","author":"Ascough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(02)00705-X","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphisms moderate responses to respiratory syncytial virus in adults","volume":"64","author":"Gentile","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(02)00827-3","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphisms moderate illness severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"64","author":"Gentile","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02541-07","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages are a major determinant of early responses to viral lung infection but do not influence subsequent disease development","volume":"82","author":"Pribul","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S165330","article-title":"Role of biologics and biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease: current trends and future perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Rawla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-017-0215-8","article-title":"Interleukin-5 inhibitors for severe asthma: rationale and future outlook","volume":"31","author":"Shrimanker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r71","article-title":"Novel therapeutic approaches in rheumatoid arthritis: role of janus kinase inhibitors","author":"Rivellese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2014.905536","article-title":"Biological therapies in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210305","article-title":"Novel anti-tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) domain antibody prevents pulmonary inflammation in experimental acute lung injury","volume":"73","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2015.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-6: biology, signaling and strategies of blockade","volume":"26","author":"Schaper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0168779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168779","article-title":"Pneumovirus-induced lung disease in mice is independent of neutrophil driven inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Cortjens","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91868","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.91868","article-title":"M1-like monocytes are a major immunological determinant of severity in previously healthy adults with life-threatening influenza","volume":"2","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.97","article-title":"The contributions of lung macrophage and monocyte heterogeneity to influenza pathogenesis","volume":"95","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701543","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes drive influenza A virus-mediated lung injury in juvenile mice","volume":"200","author":"Coates","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-125-7_9","volume-title":"Epithelial Cell Culture Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"You","year":"2012","edition":"2nd Ed."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300014","article-title":"Depletion of alveolar macrophages during influenza infection facilitates bacterial superinfections","volume":"191","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417560473300_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701796","article-title":"IL-36-gamma protects against severe influenza infection by promoting lung alveolar macrophage survival and limiting viral replication","volume":"201","author":"Wein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/202\/3\/871\/61872926\/ji1800927.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/202\/3\/871\/61872926\/ji1800927.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T19:12:08Z","timestamp":1741115528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/202\/3\/871\/7953858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1800927","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}}}