{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T02:32:40Z","timestamp":1787452360482,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) naturally infect different avian species, and aquatic birds are their natural reservoir. Sporadically, avian IAVs can be transmitted to humans, and some, such as H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, cause severe disease in humans. Antigenically novel avian influenza viruses that infect and cause disease in humans pose a potential pandemic threat if they are able to spread efficiently from person to person. The immune response of the host is crucial in determining disease pathogenesis and is the basis for the development of control strategies. In this review, we examine the innate and adaptive immune responses to avian influenza viruses and their role in disease and recovery. Furthermore, we discuss the progress in developing vaccines against avian IAVs and summarize obstacles in designing universal and pandemic influenza vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T02:39:55Z","timestamp":1546915195000},"page":"382-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Immune Responses to Avian Influenza Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9994-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Koutsakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne , Victoria 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Kedzierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne , Victoria 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne , Victoria 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417560237900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1319","article-title":"Origin of the pandemic 1957 H2 influenza A virus and the persistence of its possible progenitors in the avian reservoir","volume":"194","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025030417560237900_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.11.4603-4608.1989","article-title":"Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics","volume":"63","author":"Kawaoka","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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