{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:13:06Z","timestamp":1790291586737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Influenza A virus (IAV) infection constitutes an annual health burden across the globe. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are central in antiviral defense because of their superior capacity to produce type I IFNs in response to viruses. Dendritic cells (DCs) differ depending on their anatomical location. However, only limited host-pathogen data are available from the initial site of infection in humans. In this study, we investigated how human tonsil PDCs, likely exposed to virus because of their location, responded to IAV infection compared with peripheral blood PDCs. In tonsils, unlike in blood, PDCs are the most frequent DC subset. Both tonsil and blood PDCs expressed several genes necessary for pathogen recognition and immune response, generally in a similar pattern. MxA, a protein that renders cells resistant to IAV infection, was detected in both tonsil and blood PDCs. However, despite steady-state MxA expression and contrary to previous reports, at high IAV concentrations (typically cytopathic to other immune cells), both tonsil and blood PDCs supported IAV infection. IAV exposure resulted in PDC maturation by upregulation of CD86 expression and IFN-\u03b1 secretion. Interestingly, blood PDCs secreted 10-fold more IFN-\u03b1 in response to IAV compared with tonsil PDCs. Tonsil PDCs also had a dampened cytokine response to purified TLR ligands compared with blood PDCs. Our findings suggest that tonsil PDCs may be less responsive to IAV than blood PDCs, highlighting the importance of studying immune cells at their proposed site of function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T20:45:44Z","timestamp":1550090744000},"page":"2069-2081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Human Blood and Tonsil Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Display Similar Gene Expression Profiles but Exhibit Differential Type I IFN Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindhu","family":"Vangeti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Gertow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9798-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezzah","family":"Baharom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Friberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 85 Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Starkhammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capio Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic Globen , 121 77 Johanneshov ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Ahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6966-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Smed-S\u00f6rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 64 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417561372000_r1","volume-title":"The top 10 causes of death","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r2","first-page":"e361","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. [Published erratum appears in 2016 Lancet HIV 3: e408.]","volume":"3","author":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 HIV Collaborators","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2922","article-title":"Aerosol transmission is an important mode of influenza A virus spread","volume":"4","author":"Cowling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r4","first-page":"23","article-title":"Innate immune sensing and response to influenza","volume":"386","author":"Pulendran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.117","article-title":"Early local immune defences in the respiratory tract","volume":"17","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3665","article-title":"Innate immunity to influenza virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402671","article-title":"Protection of human myeloid dendritic cell subsets against influenza A virus infection is differentially regulated upon TLR stimulation","volume":"194","author":"Baharom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r8","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Airway epithelial dual oxidase 1 mediates allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and activation of type 2 immune responses","volume-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.","author":"Hristova","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.05.006","article-title":"Innate signaling and regulation of dendritic cell immunity","volume":"19","author":"van Vliet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.10.009","article-title":"Division of labor, plasticity, and crosstalk between dendritic cell subsets","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.019","article-title":"Dendritic cells display subset and tissue-specific maturation dynamics over human life","volume":"46","author":"Granot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00499","article-title":"Human lung mononuclear phagocytes in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Baharom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141634","article-title":"Mucosal dendritic cells","volume":"25","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600071","article-title":"Dendritic cells and monocytes with distinct inflammatory responses reside in lung mucosa of healthy humans","volume":"196","author":"Baharom","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0146OC","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of myeloid cells in human blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1376OC","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of mononuclear phagocytes in nondiseased human lung and lung-draining lymph nodes","volume":"193","author":"Desch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1609","article-title":"Anatomical location determines the distribution and function of dendritic cells and other APCs in the respiratory tract","volume":"175","author":"von Garnier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.02.007","article-title":"Tissue-resident dendritic cells and diseases involving dendritic cell malfunction","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01254","article-title":"The Peyer\u2019s patch mononuclear phagocyte system at steady state and during infection","volume":"8","author":"Da Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01388","article-title":"GM-CSF monocyte-derived cells and Langerhans cells as part of the dendritic cell family","volume":"8","author":"Lutz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00837","article-title":"The origins and functions of tissue-resident macrophages in kidney development","volume":"8","author":"Munro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1602","article-title":"Direct proteasome-independent cross-presentation of viral antigen by plasmacytoid dendritic cells on major histocompatibility complex class I","volume":"9","author":"Di Pucchio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802008","article-title":"CD2 distinguishes two subsets of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells with distinct phenotype and functions","volume":"182","author":"Matsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3063","article-title":"Activation of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: a new role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunity","volume":"101","author":"Fonteneau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121103","article-title":"Similar antigen cross-presentation capacity and phagocytic functions in all freshly isolated human lymphoid organ-resident dendritic cells","volume":"210","author":"Segura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115633","article-title":"IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.219","article-title":"Natural interferon alpha\/beta-producing cells link innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"192","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5421.1835","article-title":"The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood","volume":"284","author":"Siegal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/79747","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells activated by influenza virus and CD40L drive a potent TH1 polarization","volume":"1","author":"Cella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002572","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002572","article-title":"Influenza A virus infection of human primary dendritic cells impairs their ability to cross-present antigen to CD8 T cells","volume":"8","author":"Smed-S\u00f6rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/11360","article-title":"Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon","volume":"5","author":"Cella","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5220","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5220","article-title":"High susceptibility of human dendritic cells to avian influenza H5N1 virus infection and protection by IFN-alpha and TLR ligands","volume":"179","author":"Thitithanyanont","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir863","article-title":"Sensitive detection assays for influenza RNA do not reveal viremia in US blood donors","volume":"205","author":"Stramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316","article-title":"The pathology of influenza virus infections","volume":"3","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46125","article-title":"Evidence for a stepwise program of extrathymic T cell development within the human tonsil","volume":"122","author":"McClory","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6660","article-title":"slanDCs\/M-DC8+ cells constitute a distinct subset of dendritic cells in human tonsils [corrected]. [Published erratum appears in 2016 Oncotarget 7: 66323.]","volume":"7","author":"Micheletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023921","article-title":"Lymphoid organ-resident dendritic cells exhibit unique transcriptional fingerprints based on subset and site","volume":"6","author":"Elpek","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7.8.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im0708s86","article-title":"Isolation of mononuclear cells from tonsillar tissue","volume":"86","author":"Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.8","article-title":"Development of conventional dendritic cells: from common bone marrow progenitors to multiple subsets in peripheral tissues","volume":"10","author":"Sichien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01819-07","article-title":"Detection of respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria in children\u2019s tonsils and adenoids","volume":"46","author":"Drago","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12396","article-title":"Distinct regulation of tonsillar immune response in virus infection","volume":"69","author":"Jartti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3606-9_6","article-title":"Dendritic cell subset purification from human tonsils and lymph nodes","volume":"1423","author":"Durand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343533","article-title":"Plasmacytoid DCs are gentle guardians of tonsillar epithelium","volume":"43","author":"Rescigno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.10118","article-title":"Heterogeneity of freshly isolated human tonsil dendritic cells demonstrated by intracellular markers, phagocytosis, and membrane dye transfer","volume":"48","author":"Stent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.12.001","article-title":"Cross-presentation by human dendritic cell subsets","volume":"158","author":"Segura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2011.01254.x","article-title":"A modular and combinatorial view of the antigen cross-presentation pathway in dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Segura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8861","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.8861-8869.2005","article-title":"Differential susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"79","author":"Smed-S\u00f6rensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.4839","article-title":"Gene family clustering identifies functionally associated subsets of human in vivo blood and tonsillar dendritic cells","volume":"175","author":"Lindstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15416","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406933101","article-title":"Role of a transductional-transcriptional processor complex involving MyD88 and IRF-7 in Toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"101","author":"Honda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2007.10.006","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type I IFN: 50 years of convergent history","volume":"19","author":"Fitzgerald-Bocarsly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10758","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01501-14","article-title":"Differential responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to influenza virus and distinct viral pathogens","volume":"88","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1998.18.549","article-title":"Studies of IFN-induced transcriptional activation uncover the Jak-Stat pathway","volume":"18","author":"Darnell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0076","article-title":"Human MxA protein: an interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPase with broad antiviral activity","volume":"31","author":"Haller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01475.x","article-title":"Type 1 IFN-induced protein MxA and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in lesions of morphea","volume":"21","author":"Ghoreishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/32588","article-title":"Dendritic cells and the control of immunity","volume":"392","author":"Banchereau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.6.1693","article-title":"Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor","volume":"176","author":"Inaba","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415","article-title":"The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity","volume":"9","author":"Steinman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.19.7698","article-title":"The distinct surface of human blood dendritic cells, as observed after an improved isolation method","volume":"87","author":"Freudenthal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.149.1.1","article-title":"Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. V. Purification of spleen dendritic cells, new surface markers, and maintenance in vitro","volume":"149","author":"Steinman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.141.4.804","article-title":"Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. IV. Identification and distribution in mouse spleen","volume":"141","author":"Steinman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.137.5.1142","article-title":"Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution","volume":"137","author":"Steinman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.139.2.380","article-title":"Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. II. Functional properties in vitro","volume":"139","author":"Steinman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nri746","article-title":"Mouse and human dendritic cell subtypes","volume":"2","author":"Shortman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.116","article-title":"Dendritic cell migration in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Worbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.38","article-title":"TLR ligands upregulate RIG-I expression in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells in a type I IFN-independent manner","volume":"92","author":"Szabo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11183","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01050-12","article-title":"Incoming influenza A virus evades early host recognition, while influenza B virus induces interferon expression directly upon entry","volume":"86","author":"\u00d6sterlund","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074950","article-title":"The dendritic cell lineage: ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting","volume":"31","author":"Merad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.006","article-title":"A clonogenic progenitor with prominent plasmacytoid dendritic cell developmental potential","volume":"38","author":"Onai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3200","article-title":"Identification of cDC1- and cDC2-committed DC progenitors reveals early lineage priming at the common DC progenitor stage in the bone marrow","volume":"16","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141442","article-title":"Restricted dendritic cell and monocyte progenitors in human cord blood and bone marrow","volume":"212","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141441","article-title":"Circulating precursors of human CD1c+ and CD141+ dendritic cells","volume":"212","author":"Breton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaag3009","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag3009","article-title":"Mapping the human DC lineage through the integration of high-dimensional techniques","volume":"356","author":"See","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r74","first-page":"111","article-title":"The specialised structure of crypt epithelium in the human palatine tonsil and its functional significance","volume":"185","author":"Perry","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1327122","article-title":"Tonsil surgery in Sweden 2013-2015. Indications, surgical methods and patient-reported outcomes from the National Tonsil Surgery Register","volume":"137","author":"Hallenst\u00e5l","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2015.10.002","article-title":"Isolation of viable and functional T-cells from human palatine tonsils","volume":"427","author":"Weigel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26032","article-title":"Endocytosis of HIV-1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells via toll-like receptor-viral RNA interactions","volume":"115","author":"Beignon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7114","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7114","article-title":"Flavivirus activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells delineates key elements of TLR7 signaling beyond endosomal recognition","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai7677","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai7677","article-title":"Human lymphoid organ dendritic cell identity is predominantly dictated by ontogeny, not tissue microenvironment","volume":"1","author":"Heidkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8133","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00712-11","article-title":"The viral nucleoprotein determines Mx sensitivity of influenza A viruses","volume":"85","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28419","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R110.145839","article-title":"Dynamin-like MxA GTPase: structural insights into oligomerization and implications for antiviral activity","volume":"285","author":"Haller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.8.4705-4709.1992","article-title":"Interferon-induced human protein MxA is a GTPase which binds transiently to cellular proteins","volume":"66","author":"Horisberger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/152.4_Pt_2.S67","article-title":"Interferons, Mx genes, and resistance to influenza virus","volume":"152","author":"Horisberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00260-X","article-title":"Apoptosis by influenza viruses correlates with efficiency of viral mRNA synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Stray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.12.002","article-title":"Host genetics of severe influenza: from mouse Mx1 to human IRF7","volume":"38","author":"Ciancanelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007187","article-title":"Both conventional and interferon killer dendritic cells have antigen-presenting capacity during influenza virus infection","volume":"4","author":"GeurtsvanKessel","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.04.006","article-title":"Airway immune homeostasis and implications for influenza-induced inflammation","volume":"32","author":"Snelgrove","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf9194","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9194","article-title":"Influenza vaccines differentially regulate the interferon response in human dendritic cell subsets","volume":"9","author":"Athale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000047","article-title":"Viral lung infections: epidemiology, virology, clinical features, and management of avian influenza A(H7N9)","volume":"20","author":"To","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1086\/593018","article-title":"Differential recruitment of dendritic cells and monocytes to respiratory mucosal sites in children with influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"198","author":"Gill","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-10","article-title":"Activation of tonsil dendritic cells with immuno-adjuvants","volume":"9","author":"Polak","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052454","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cell-specific receptor ILT7-Fc epsilonRI gamma inhibits Toll-like receptor-induced interferon production","volume":"203","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00364","article-title":"The MEK1\/2-ERK pathway inhibits type I IFN production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"9","author":"Janovec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417561372000_r94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050248","article-title":"BDCA2\/Fc epsilon RI gamma complex signals through a novel BCR-like pathway in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/202\/7\/2069\/62170830\/ji1801191.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/202\/7\/2069\/62170830\/ji1801191.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T20:08:30Z","timestamp":1741118910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/202\/7\/2069\/7952724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1801191","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}}}