{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:22:41Z","timestamp":1790425361046,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Studies have demonstrated the importance of a GM-CSF\u2192IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4)\u2192CCL17 pathway, first identified in monocytes\/macrophages, for arthritic pain and disease development. In this study, we further investigated the involvement of this new pathway in shaping the inflammatory response using the zymosan-induced peritonitis (ZIP) model. ZIP (8 mg of zymosan, i.p., day 0) was induced in C57BL\/6 wild-type (WT), GM-CSF\u2212\/\u2212, Irf4\u2212\/\u2212, and Ccl17E\/E mice. In comparison with WT mice, GM-CSF\u2212\/\u2212 and Irf4\u2212\/\u2212 mice had a reduced ZIP response, as judged by a reduced number of neutrophils and macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. Moreover, the phenotype of the ZIP macrophages was altered by a lack of GM-CSF or IRF4 (increased IL-10 secretion and Arg1 mRNA expression), with IRF4 levels being lower in GM-CSF\u2212\/\u2212 ZIP macrophages than in the WT cells. In addition, GM-CSF \u0336IRF4 signaling upregulated MHC class II expression in ZIP macrophages and bone marrow\u2013derived macrophages. Although Ccl17 mRNA expression was reduced in ZIP macrophages in the absence of either GM-CSF or IRF4, thus supporting the presence of the new pathway in inflammatory macrophages, CCL17 did not modulate the inflammatory response, both in terms of number of myeloid cells or the macrophage phenotype. Thus, during an inflammatory response, both macrophage numbers and their phenotype can depend on GM-CSF\u2013 and IRF4-dependent signaling independently of CCL17.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T22:35:18Z","timestamp":1555367718000},"page":"3033-3040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["GM-CSF\u2013 and IRF4-Dependent Signaling Can Regulate Myeloid Cell Numbers and the Macrophage Phenotype during Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6609-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Chin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3050 \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek C","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3050 \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Fleetwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3050 \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Achuthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3050 \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9493-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3050 \u00a0","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne and Western Health , St. Albans, Victoria 3021 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3050 \u00a0","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417562165600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-079681","article-title":"Hematopoietic cytokines","volume":"111","author":"Metcalf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025030417562165600_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041030309","article-title":"Stimulation of macrophage plasminogen activator activity by colony-stimulating factors","volume":"103","author":"Hamilton","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. 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