{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:12:04Z","timestamp":1791231124292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The antiviral activities of type I IFNs have long been established. However, comparatively little is known of their role in defenses against nonviral pathogens. We examined here the effects of type I IFNs on host resistance against the model pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. After intratracheal or i.v. challenge with this fungus, most mice lacking either the IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 receptor (IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2R) or IFN-\u03b2 died from unrestrained pneumonia and encephalitis, while all wild-type controls survived. The pulmonary immune response of IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2R\u2212\/\u2212 mice was characterized by increased expression of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10, decreased expression of TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, inducible NO synthetase, and CXCL10, and similar levels of IL-12 mRNA, compared with wild-type controls. Histopathological analysis showed eosinophilic infiltrates in the lungs of IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2R\u2212\/\u2212 mice, although this change was less extensive than that observed in similarly infected IFN-\u03b3R-deficient animals. Type I IFN responses could not be detected in the lung after intratracheal challenge. However, small, but statistically significant, elevations in IFN-\u03b2 levels were measured in the supernatants of bone marrow-derived macrophages or dendritic cells infected with C. neoformans. Our data demonstrate that type I IFN signaling is required for polarization of cytokine responses toward a protective type I pattern during cryptococcal infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.1.566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T19:04:22Z","timestamp":1397847862000},"page":"566-573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 Signaling Is Required for Polarization of Cytokine Responses toward a Protective Type 1 Pattern during Experimental Cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Biondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Midiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gambuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Gerace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Falduto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Galbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Bellantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Beninati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Leanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Group, University of Lund , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina , Messina,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012807115170700_R1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Viruses and interferons","volume-title":"Annu. 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