{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:06:49Z","timestamp":1791090409746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neuronal death is known to trigger reactive microgliosis. However, little is known regarding the manner by which microglia are activated by injured neurons and how microgliosis participates in neurodegeneration. In this study we delineate the critical role of macrophage Ag complex-1 (MAC1), a member of the \u03b22 integrin family, in mediating reactive microgliosis and promoting dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. MAC1 deficiency greatly attenuated the DAergic neurodegeneration induced by MPTP or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridium iodide (MPP+) exposure both in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Reconstituted experiments created by adding microglia from MAC1\u2212\/\u2212 or MAC1+\/+ mice back to MAC1+\/+ neuron-enriched cultures showed that microglia with functional MAC1 expression was mandatory for microglia-enhanced neurotoxicity. Both in vivo and in vitro morphological and Western blot studies demonstrated that MPTP\/MPP+ produced less microglia activation in MAC1\u2212\/\u2212 mice than MAC1+\/+ mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that a MPP+-mediated increase in superoxide production was reduced in MAC1\u2212\/\u2212 neuron-glia cultures compared with MAC1+\/+ cultures. The stunted production of superoxide in MAC1\u2212\/\u2212 microglia is likely linked to the lack of translocation of the cytosolic NADPH oxidase (PHOX) subunit (p47phox) to the membrane. In addition, the production of PGE2 markedly decreased in neuron plus MAC1\u2212\/\u2212 microglia cocultures vs neuron plus MAC1+\/+ microglia cocultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MAC1 plays a critical role in MPTP\/MPP+-induced reactive microgliosis and further support the hypothesis that reactive microgliosis is an essential step in the self-perpetuating cycle leading to progressive DAergic neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T19:00:36Z","timestamp":1397847636000},"page":"7194-7204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Macrophage Antigen Complex-1 Mediates Reactive Microgliosis and Progressive Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the MPTP Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Michael","family":"Caudle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yachen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato A.","family":"Di Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Parkinson\u2019s Institute , Sunnyvale, CA 940852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed F.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Center for Toxicological Research\/Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR 72079"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus , Richmond, VA 23298"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jau-Shyong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012807071208300_R1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical signs and symptoms, neural mechanisms, 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