{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:16:37Z","timestamp":1791400597131,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Activation of the innate immune system typically precedes engagement of adaptive immunity. Cells at the interface between these two arms of the immune response are thus critical to provide full engagement of host defense. Among the innate T cells at this interface are \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. \u03b3\u03b4 T cells contribute to the defense from a variety of infectious organisms, yet little is understood regarding how they are activated. We have previously observed that human \u03b3\u03b4 T cells of the V\u03b41 subset accumulate in inflamed joints in Lyme arthritis and proliferate in response to stimulation with the causative spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. We now observe that murine \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are also activated by B. burgdorferi and that in both cases the activation is indirect via TLR stimulation on dendritic cells or monocytes. Furthermore, B. burgdorferi stimulation of monocytes via TLR, and secondary activation of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, are both caspase-dependent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T19:08:31Z","timestamp":1397848111000},"page":"2392-2398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Activation of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells by\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    Is Indirect via a TLR- and Caspase-Dependent Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT 50405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuixia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT 50405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Q","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT 50405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT 50405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph C","family":"Budd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT 50405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806173057600_R1","first-page":"586","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume-title":"N. 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