{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:05:59Z","timestamp":1760609159404,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>NK cells are key innate immune cells that play critical roles in host defense. Although NK cells have been shown to regulate immunity to some infectious diseases, their role in immunity to Trypanosoma congolense has not been investigated. NK cells are vital sources of IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1; two key cytokines that are known to play important roles in resistance to African trypanosomes. In this article, we show that infection with T. congolense leads to increased levels of activated and functional NK cells in multiple tissue compartments. Systemic depletion of NK cells with anti-NK1.1 mAb led to increased parasitemia, which was accompanied by significant reduction in IFN-\u03b3 production by immune cells in the spleens and liver of infected mice. Strikingly, infected NFIL3\u2212\/\u2212 mice (which genetically lack NK cell development and function) on the normally resistant background were highly susceptible to T. congolense infection. These mice developed fulminating and uncontrolled parasitemia and died significantly earlier (13 \u00b1 1 d) than their wild-type control mice (106 \u00b1 26 d). The enhanced susceptibility of NFIL3\u2212\/\u2212 mice to infection was accompanied by significantly impaired cytokine (IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1) response by CD3+ T cells in the spleens and liver. Adoptive transfer of NK cells into NFIL3\u2212\/\u2212 mice before infection rescued them from acute death in a perforin-dependent manner. Collectively, these studies show that NK cells are critical for optimal resistance to T. congolense, and its deficiency leads to enhanced susceptibility in infected mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T21:45:56Z","timestamp":1561585556000},"page":"964-971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["NK Cells Are Critical for Optimal Immunity to Experimental <i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Chukwunonso","family":"Onyilagha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiby","family":"Kuriakose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nnamdi","family":"Ikeogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam K P","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jude E","family":"Uzonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417541108400_r1","first-page":"I","article-title":"Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis. 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