{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:03:01Z","timestamp":1791442981848,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prematurity is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In most cases, preterm birth is preceded by spontaneous preterm labor, a syndrome that is associated with intra-amniotic inflammation, the most studied etiology. However, the remaining etiologies of preterm labor are poorly understood; therefore, most preterm births are categorized as idiopathic. In this study, we provide evidence showing that the fetal immune system undergoes premature activation in women with preterm labor without intra-amniotic inflammation, providing a potential new mechanism of disease for some cases of idiopathic preterm birth. First, we showed that fetal T cells are a predominant leukocyte population in amniotic fluid during preterm gestations. Interestingly, only fetal CD4+ T cells were increased in amniotic fluid of women who underwent idiopathic preterm labor and birth. This increase in fetal CD4+ T cells was accompanied by elevated amniotic fluid concentrations of T cell cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-13, which are produced by these cells upon in vitro stimulation, but was not associated with the prototypical cytokine profile observed in women with intra-amniotic inflammation. Also, we found that cord blood T cells, mainly CD4+ T cells, obtained from women with idiopathic preterm labor and birth displayed enhanced ex vivo activation, which is similar to that observed in women with intra-amniotic inflammation. Finally, we showed that the intra-amniotic administration of activated neonatal CD4+ T cells induces preterm birth in mice. Collectively, these findings provide evidence suggesting that fetal T cell activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic preterm labor and birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T16:45:17Z","timestamp":1567788317000},"page":"1793-1807","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Fetal T Cell Activation in the Amniotic Cavity during Preterm Labor: A Potential Mechanism for a Subset of Idiopathic Preterm Birth"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor , MI 48109"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Detroit Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33199"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1178-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia","family":"Arenas-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3243-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Garcia-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Panaitescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Galaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaur-Dong","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Para","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 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