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We find that human CD57+ CD4 T cells express high levels of the costimulatory receptor CD2 and that CD2\/LFA-3 costimulation results in a more robust and polyfunctional effector response to TCR signals, compared with CD28-mediated costimulation. CD57+ CD4 T cells also express the vascular endothelium-homing receptor CX3CR1 and migrate toward CX3CL1-expressing endothelial cells in vitro. IL-15 promotes the cytotoxic phenotype, elevates CX3CR1 expression, and enhances the trafficking of CD57+ CD4 T cells to endothelium and may therefore be important in linking these cells to cardiovascular complications. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of activated CD57+ CD4 T cells and expression of CX3CL1 and LFA-3 in atherosclerotic plaque tissues from HIV-uninfected donors. Our findings are consistent with a model in which cytotoxic CD4 T cells contribute to CVD in HIV\/CMV coinfection and in atherosclerosis via CX3CR1-mediated trafficking and CD2\/LFA-3-mediated costimulation. This study identifies several targets for therapeutic interventions and may help bridge the gap in understanding how CMV infection and immunity are linked to increased cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T19:45:13Z","timestamp":1585597513000},"page":"2722-2733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Cytomegalovirus Coinfection Is Associated with Increased Vascular-Homing CD57+ CD4 T Cells in HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen R","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian M","family":"Michaelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M","family":"Wyrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey A","family":"Komissarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry , Moscow 127473 ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0098-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Potashnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry , Moscow 127473 ,","place":["Russia"]},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Biology, Moscow State University , Moscow 119234 ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lebedeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry , Moscow 127473 ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souheil-Antoine","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karem","family":"Harth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center\/Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 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