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IL-13 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that has been reported to protect against demyelination and spinal cord injury through immunomodulation. The effects of IL-13 in microglia\/macrophage\u2013mediated immune responses after TBI remain unknown. In this study, we showed that intranasal administration of IL-13 in male C57BL\/6J mice accelerated functional recovery in the controlled cortical impact model of TBI. IL-13 treatment increased the time to fall off in the Rotarod test, reduced the number of foot faults in the foot fault test, and improved the score in the wire hang test up to 28 d after TBI. Consistent with functional improvement, IL-13 reduced neuronal tissue loss and preserved white matter integrity 6 d after TBI. Furthermore, IL-13 ameliorated the elevation of proinflammatory factors and reduced the number of proinflammatory microglia\/macrophages 6 d after TBI. Additionally, IL-13 enhanced microglia\/macrophage phagocytosis of damaged neurons in the peri-lesion areas. In vitro studies confirmed that IL-13 treatment inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines in rat primary microglia in response to LPS or dead neuron stimulation and increased the ability of microglia to engulf fluorophore-labeled latex beads or dead neurons. Collectively, we demonstrated that IL-13 treatment improved neurologic outcomes after TBI through adjusting microglia\/macrophage phenotypes and inhibiting inflammatory responses. IL-13 may represent a potential immunotherapy to promote long-term recovery from TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T15:04:16Z","timestamp":1581087856000},"page":"1486-1498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["IL-13 Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Promotes Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanying","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0608-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0737-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yichen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417511079300_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.201848","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in India: a big problem in need of data","volume":"65","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. 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