{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:25:47Z","timestamp":1792797947443,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Extremely preterm neonates are particularly susceptible to infections, likely because of severely impaired immune function. However, little is known on the composition of the T cell compartment in early life in this vulnerable population. We conducted a comprehensive phenotypic flow cytometry\u2013based longitudinal analysis of the peripheral conventional T cell compartment of human extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN) with extremely low birth weight (ELBW; &amp;lt;1000 g) participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study of probiotic supplementation. PBMCs from ELGAN\/ELBW neonates were collected at day 14, day 28, and postmenstrual week 36. Comparisons were made with full-term 14-d-old neonates. Total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies were markedly lower in the preterm neonates. The reduction was more pronounced among the CD8+ population, resulting in an increased CD4\/CD8 ratio. The preterm infants were also more Th2 skewed than the full-term infants. Although the frequency of regulatory T cells seemed normal in the ELGAN\/ELBW preterm neonates, their expression of the homing receptors \u03b14\u03b27, CCR4, and CCR9 was altered. Notably, ELGAN\/ELBW infants developing necrotizing enterocolitis before day 14 had higher expression of CCR9 in CD4+T cells at day 14. Chorioamnionitis clearly associated with reduced T regulatory cell frequencies and functional characteristics within the preterm group. Finally, probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri did not impose any phenotypic changes of the conventional T cell compartment. In conclusion, notable immaturities of the T cell compartment in ELGAN\/ELBW neonates may at least partially explain their increased susceptibility to severe immune-mediated morbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T21:35:43Z","timestamp":1575495343000},"page":"68-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Extremely Preterm Infants Have Significant Alterations in Their Conventional T Cell Compartment during the First Weeks of Life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4892-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaleda Rahman","family":"Qazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2905-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Bach Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 83 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 83 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke","family":"van der Heiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Bj\u00f6rkander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Holmlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeneneh","family":"Haileselassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Kokkinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Marchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2117-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C","family":"Jenmalm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 83 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 83 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 83 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-8681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Sverremark-Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417510283400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.009","article-title":"Epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"41","author":"Purisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. 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