{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T22:52:47Z","timestamp":1780699967285,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule produced by Bacillus anthracis is composed entirely of d-isomer glutamic acid, whereas nonpathogenic Bacillus species produce mixed d-, l-isomer PGAs. To determine if B. anthracis PGA confers a pathogenic advantage over other PGAs, we compared the responses of human innate immune cells to B. anthracis PGA and PGAs from nonpathogenic B. subtilis subsp. chungkookjang and B. licheniformis. Monocytes and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) responded differentially to the PGAs, with B. anthracis PGA being least stimulatory and B. licheniformis PGA most stimulatory. All three elicited IL-8 and IL-6 from monocytes, but B. subtilis PGA also elicited IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1, whereas B. licheniformis PGA elicited all those plus IL-1\u03b2. Similarly, all three PGAs elicited IL-8 from iDCs, but B. subtilis PGA also elicited IL-6, and B. licheniformis PGA elicited those plus IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1. Only B. licheniformis PGA induced dendritic cell maturation. TLR assays also yielded differential results. B. subtilis PGA and B. licheniformis PGA both elicited more TLR2 signal than B. anthracis PGA, but only responses to B. subtilis PGA were affected by a TLR6 neutralizing Ab. B. licheniformis PGA elicited more TLR4 signal than B. anthracis PGA, whereas B. subtilis PGA elicited none. B. anthracis PGA persisted longer in high m.w. form in monocyte and iDC cultures than the other PGAs. Reducing the m.w. of B. anthracis PGA reduced monocytes\u2019 cytokine responses. We conclude that B. anthracis PGA is recognized less effectively by innate immune cells than PGAs from nonpathogenic Bacillus species, resulting in failure to induce a robust host response, which may contribute to anthrax pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T20:45:14Z","timestamp":1578948314000},"page":"1263-1273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human Innate Immune Cells Respond Differentially to Poly-\u03b3-Glutamic Acid Polymers from <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i> and Nonpathogenic <i>Bacillus<\/i> Species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya M","family":"Jelacic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson J","family":"Ribot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian R","family":"Woolfitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30341"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur M","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick, MD 21702"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Uniformed University of Health Services , Bethesda, MD 20814"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417510907500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.39.1.371-376.1983","article-title":"Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"39","author":"Mikesell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. 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