{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T21:50:18Z","timestamp":1772315418218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The type 2 cytokines IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4 play an important role in the induction and progression of asthma. According to the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines, blood eosinophil numbers are one marker that helps to guide treatment decisions in patients suffering from severe forms of asthma. Effects of type 2 cytokines were analyzed, alone or in combination, on eosinophils in blood and other compartments and on the development of asthma symptoms. C57BL\/6 mice received a single intranasal application of equimolar amounts of IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4, alone or in combination. Numbers, activation state, and migratory behavior of eosinophils in bone marrow (BM), blood, lung, and bronchoalveolar lavage as well as airway hyperresponsiveness and goblet cell metaplasia were evaluated. Only IL-13 was associated with airway eosinophilia, development of airway hyperresponsiveness, and goblet cell metaplasia, without any synergistic effects. IL-5 increased the number of eosinophils in BM and lung tissue but failed to affect structural changes. IL-4 had similar, but weaker, effects to IL-13. Cytokine combinations synergistically affected eosinophils but failed to enhance IL-13\u2013driven effects on lung function or goblet cell metaplasia. IL-5 and IL-13 markedly increased eosinophil numbers locally in lung and airways and distally in blood and BM, whereas IL-5 and IL-4 only increased eosinophils in lung and BM. IL-13 together with IL-4 failed to demonstrate any synergistic effect. These insights into single and combined effects of type 2 cytokines on disease-driving mechanisms could improve understanding of the impact and effectiveness of new therapies in asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T23:25:14Z","timestamp":1576884314000},"page":"550-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Single and Synergistic Effects of Type 2 Cytokines on Eosinophils and Asthma Hallmarks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Beckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen\u2013Ruhrlandklinik , 45239 Essen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Meyer-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, III, Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , 55131 Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Buhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, III, Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , 55131 Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Taube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen\u2013Ruhrlandklinik , 45239 Essen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1784-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Reuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen\u2013Ruhrlandklinik , 45239 Essen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417510606000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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