{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:09:10Z","timestamp":1788898150868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_184816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_184816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cytokine-primed neutrophils can undergo a nonapoptotic type of cell death using components of the necroptotic pathway, including receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL) and NADPH oxidase. In this report, we provide evidence for a potential role of serine proteases in CD44-mediated necroptotic death of GM-CSF\u2013primed human neutrophils. Specifically, we observed that several inhibitors known to block the enzymatic function of fibroblast activation protein-\u03b1 (FAP-\u03b1) were able to block CD44-mediated reactive oxygen species production and cell death, but not FAS receptor\u2013mediated apoptosis. To understand how FAP-\u03b1 is involved in this nonapoptotic death pathway, we performed immunoblotting experiments in the presence and absence of inhibitors of RIPK3, MLKL, p38 MAPK, PI3K, and FAP-\u03b1. The results of these experiments suggested that FAP-\u03b1 is active in parallel with RIPK3, MLKL, and p38 MAPK activation but proximal to PI3K and NADPH oxidase activation. Interestingly, neutrophils isolated from the joints of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis underwent a GM-CSF\u2013independent necroptosis following CD44 ligation; this effect was also blocked by both FAP-\u03b1 and MLKL inhibitors. Taken together, our evidence shows that the RIPK3\u2013MLKL pathway activates NADPH oxidase but requires, in addition to p38 MAPK and PI3K, a serine protease activity, whereby FAP-\u03b1 is the most likely candidate. Thus, FAP-\u03b1 could be a potential drug target in neutrophilic inflammatory responses to avoid exaggerated nonapoptotic neutrophil death, leading to tissue damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T20:32:13Z","timestamp":1597264333000},"page":"1653-1663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["RIPK3\u2013MLKL\u2013Mediated Neutrophil Death Requires Concurrent Activation of Fibroblast Activation Protein-\u03b1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"205","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern , CH-3010 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francois","family":"Gessier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , CH-4056 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remo","family":"Perozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy Geneva-Lausanne, University of Geneva , 1211 Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Stojkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern , CH-3010 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aref","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern , CH-3010 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keyvan","family":"Amirshahrokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern , CH-3010 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , 561893141 Ardabil ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kuchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , CH-3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9855-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shida","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern , CH-3010 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pius","family":"L\u00f6tscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , CH-4056 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9404-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Uwe","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern , CH-3010 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University , 119991 Moscow ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417505039700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00038.x","article-title":"Neutrophil apoptosis pathways and their modifications in inflammation","volume":"193","author":"Simon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. 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