{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:08:21Z","timestamp":1790528901244,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Because of microbicide noncompliance and lack of a durable, highly effective vaccine, a combined approach might improve HIV prophylaxis. We tested whether a vaccine\u2013microbicide combination would enhance protection against SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Four macaque groups included vaccine only, vaccine\u2013microbicide, microbicide only, and controls. Vaccine groups were primed twice mucosally with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant SIV env\/rev, gag, and nef recombinants and boosted twice i.m. with SIV gp120 proteins in alum. Controls and the microbicide-only group received adenovirus type 5 host range mutant empty vector and alum. The microbicide was SAMT-247, a 2-mercaptobenzamide thioester that targets the viral nucleocapsid protein NCp7, causing zinc ejection and preventing RNA encapsidation. Following vaccination, macaques were challenged intravaginally with repeated weekly low doses of SIVmac251 administered 3 h after application of 0.8% SAMT-247 gel (vaccine\u2013microbicide and microbicide groups) or placebo gel (vaccine-only and control groups). The microbicide-only group exhibited potent protection; 10 of 12 macaques remained uninfected following 15 SIV challenges. The vaccine-only group developed strong mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular immunity but did not exhibit delayed acquisition compared with adjuvant controls. However, the vaccine\u2013microbicide group exhibited significant acquisition delay compared with both control and vaccine-only groups, indicating further exploration of the combination strategy is warranted. Impaired protection in the vaccine\u2013microbicide group compared with the microbicide-only group was not attributed to a vaccine-induced increase in SIV target cells. Possible Ab-dependent enhancement will be further investigated. The potent protection provided by SAMT-247 encourages its movement into human clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T14:46:12Z","timestamp":1589208372000},"page":"3315-3328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An SAMT-247 Microbicide Provides Potent Protection against Intravaginal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques, whereas an Added Vaccine Component Elicits Mixed Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Helmold Hait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher James","family":"Hogge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Arif","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Hunegnaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuena","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gospel","family":"Enyindah-Asonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M","family":"Miller Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-4256"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Appella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-4256"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H","family":"Appella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-0820"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Robert-Guroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-5065"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417512206500_r1"},{"key":"2025030417512206500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-10-30","article-title":"Women and HIV in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Ramjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res. 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