{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:57:32Z","timestamp":1773885452962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Increasing evidence implicates HSV type 1 (HSV1) in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). HSV1 has evolved highly sophisticated strategies to evade host immunosurveillance. One strategy involves encoding a decoy Fc\u03b3 receptor (Fc\u03b3R), which blocks Fc-mediated effector functions, such as Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Ig \u03b3 marker (GM) allotypes, encoded by highly polymorphic IGHG genes on chromosome 14q32, modulate this immunoevasion strategy, and thus may act as effect modifiers of the HSV1-AD association. In this nested case-control human study, 365 closely matched case-control pairs\u2014whose blood was drawn on average 9.6 y before AD diagnosis\u2014were typed for GM alleles by a TaqMan genotyping assay. APOE genotype and a genetic risk score based on nine additional previously known AD risk genes (ABCA7, BIN1, CD33, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, MS4A4E, NECTIN2, and PICALM) were extracted from a genome-wide association study analysis. Antiviral Abs were measured by ELISA. Conditional logistic regression models were applied. The distribution of GM 3\/17 genotypes differed significantly between AD cases and controls, with higher frequency of GM 17\/17 homozygotes in AD cases as compared with controls (19.8 versus 10.7%, p = 0.001). The GM 17\/17 genotype was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of AD (odds ratio 4.142, p &amp;lt; 0.001). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that Ig GM 17\/17 genotype contributes to the risk of later AD development, independent of apolipoprotein \u03b54 genotype and other AD risk genes, and explain, at least in part, why every HSV1-infected person is not equally likely to develop HSV1-associated AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T20:05:17Z","timestamp":1595621117000},"page":"1318-1322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An Ig \u03b3 Marker Genotype Is a Strong Risk Factor for Alzheimer Disease, Independent of Apolipoprotein E \u03b54 Genotype"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"205","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janardan P","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC 29425"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bodil","family":"Weidung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 05 Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald T","family":"Kothera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC 29425"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3847-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5, 901 85 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Division of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sture","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Hallmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Elgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5271-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"L\u00f6vheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 85 Ume\u00e5 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417504846100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00324","article-title":"Corroboration of a major role for herpes simplex virus type 1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"2025030417504846100_r2","first-page":"966","article-title":"Persistent infection with herpes simplex virus 1 and Alzheimer's disease\u2014a call to study how variability in both virus and host may impact disease","volume-title":"Viruses","author":"Mangold","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025030417504846100_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100044115","article-title":"\u201cLimbic predilection in Alzheimer dementia: is reactivated herpesvirus involved?\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Ball","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. 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