{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:39:01Z","timestamp":1781235541193,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI130485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI130485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI138555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) inhibits IL-12 expression and impairs the Th1 response necessary for control of Leishmania infection. Recent studies have shown that Leishmania infection induces miR-21 expression in dendritic cells and macrophages, and inhibition of miR-21 restores IL-12 expression. Because miR-21 is known to be expressed due to inflammatory stimuli in a wide range of hematopoietic cells, we investigated the role of miR-21 in regulating immune responses during visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani infection. We found that miR-21 expression was significantly elevated in dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammatory monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and in the spleen and liver tissues after L. donovani infection, concomitant with an increased expression of disease exacerbating IL-6 and STAT3. Bone marrow dendritic cells from miR-21 knockout (miR-21KO) mice showed increased IL-12 production and decreased production of IL-10. On L. donovani infection, miR-21KO mice exhibited significantly greater numbers of IFN-\u03b3\u2013 and TNF-\u03b1\u2013producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in their organs that was associated with increased production of Th1-associated IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and NO from the splenocytes. Finally, miR-21KO mice displayed significantly more developing and mature hepatic granulomas leading to reduction in organ parasitic loads compared with wild type counterparts. Similar results were noted in L. donovani\u2013infected wild type mice after transient miR-21 depletion. These observations indicate that miR-21 plays a critical role in pathogenesis of VL by suppressing IL-12\u2013 and Th1-associated IFN-\u03b3 and also inducing disease-promoting induction of the IL-6 and STAT-3 signaling pathway. miR-21 could therefore be used as a potential target for developing host-directed treatment for VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T16:21:46Z","timestamp":1627921306000},"page":"1322-1332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["MicroRNA-21 Deficiency Promotes the Early Th1 Immune Response and Resistance toward Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Varikuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith , Banasthali, Rajasthan ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5723-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaitenya","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Holcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijay Kumar","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostinho","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritvik","family":"Maryala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Lamenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan K","family":"McElwain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebiye Yentur","family":"Doni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Papenfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5177-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Oghumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreenivas","family":"Gannavaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hira L","family":"Nakhasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay R","family":"Satoskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022610320817900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00019-18","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00019-18","article-title":"PDL-1 Blockade Prevents T Cell Exhaustion, Inhibits Autophagy, and Promotes Clearance of Leishmania donovani","volume":"86","author":"Habib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0226192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226192","article-title":"Induction of miR 21 impairs the anti-Leishmania response through inhibition of IL-12 in canine splenic leukocytes","volume":"14","author":"Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1412-x","article-title":"Regulation of immunity during visceral Leishmania infection","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r4","first-page":"236","article-title":"microRNAs: a newly described class of encoded molecules that play a role in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Felekkis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r5","first-page":"150","article-title":"Emerging role of microRNAs in disease pathogenesis and strategies for therapeutic modulation","volume":"10","author":"Mattes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.747","article-title":"Emerging role of microRNA-21 in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00019","article-title":"Turning 21: Induction of miR-21 as a Key Switch in the Inflammatory Response","volume":"6","author":"Sheedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0805-5","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 prevents excessive inflammation and cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction through targeting KBTBD7","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02273","article-title":"miR-21 Expression Determines the Early Vaccine Immunity Induced by LdCen-\/- Immunization","volume":"10","author":"Gannavaram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101235","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 limits in vivo immune response-mediated activation of the IL-12\/IFN-gamma pathway, Th1 polarization, and the severity of delayed-type hypersensitivity","volume":"187","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0178-3","article-title":"miR-21 depletion in macrophages promotes tumoricidal polarization and enhances PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Xi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12156","article-title":"Characterization of microRNA expression profiles in Leishmania-infected human phagocytes","volume":"37","author":"Geraci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1203500","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiling of Leishmania donovani-infected host cells uncovers the regulatory role of MIR30A-3p in host autophagy","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206876","article-title":"Relationship of peripheral blood mononuclear cells miRNA expression and parasitic load in canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Bragato","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.06.011","article-title":"The IL-6\/STAT3 pathway via miR-21 is involved in the neoplastic and metastatic properties of arsenite-transformed human keratinocytes","volume":"237","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-081133","article-title":"Interleukin-6 dependent survival of multiple myeloma cells involves the Stat3-mediated induction of microRNA-21 through a highly conserved enhancer","volume":"110","author":"L\u00f6ffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.074","article-title":"Activation of miR-21-Regulated Pathways in Immune Aging Selects against Signatures Characteristic of Memory T Cells","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006165","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Reveals a Broad Splenic Inflammatory Environment that Conditions Macrophages toward a Disease-Promoting Phenotype","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200635937","article-title":"Distinct roles for IL-6 and IL-12p40 in mediating protection against Leishmania donovani and the expansion of IL-10+ CD4+ T cells","volume":"36","author":"St\u00e4ger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.01.017","article-title":"Elevated levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-6 during active disease in Indian kala azar","volume":"119","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(95)90144-2","article-title":"Interleukin 6 during active visceral leishmaniasis and after treatment","volume":"77","author":"van der Poll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00490-08","article-title":"Accelerated control of visceral Leishmania donovani infection in interleukin-6-deficient mice","volume":"76","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r23","first-page":"4122","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-21 is involved in acute monocytic leukemia-associated angiogenesis by targeting IL-12","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041319","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of Dendritic Cell Generation and Function","volume":"21","author":"Scalavino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-27","article-title":"miR-21 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid accumulation and inflammatory response: potential role in cerebrovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311942","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 Deficiency Alters the Survival of Ly-6Clo Monocytes in ApoE-\/- Mice and Reduces Early-Stage Atherosclerosis-Brief Report","volume":"39","author":"Chipont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r27","first-page":"412","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 maintains hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis through sustaining the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in mice","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.741","article-title":"Macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo: reactive nitrogen versus oxygen intermediates in the killing of intracellular visceral Leishmania donovani","volume":"189","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14935-3","article-title":"Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes promote susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection","volume":"7","author":"Terrazas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-10-608000","article-title":"Colony stimulating factor-1 receptor signaling networks inhibit mouse macrophage inflammatory responses by induction of microRNA-21","volume":"125","author":"Caescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117162","article-title":"MiR-21 modulates the polarization of macrophages and increases the effects of M2 macrophages on promoting the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer","volume":"242","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0115855","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115855","article-title":"MicroRNA 21 is a homeostatic regulator of macrophage polarization and prevents prostaglandin E2-mediated M2 generation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1828","article-title":"Negative regulation of TLR4 via targeting of the proinflammatory tumor suppressor PDCD4 by the microRNA miR-21","volume":"11","author":"Sheedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00231-1","article-title":"CD206+ M2-like macrophages regulate systemic glucose metabolism by inhibiting proliferation of adipocyte progenitors","volume":"8","author":"Nawaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25837-3","article-title":"CD11c+ M1-like macrophages (M\u03a6s) but not CD206+ M2-like M\u03a6 are involved in folliculogenesis in mice ovary","volume":"8","author":"Ono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3022","article-title":"Identification of different macrophage subpopulations with distinct activities in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02529","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization in Leishmaniasis: Broadening Horizons","volume":"9","author":"Tomiotto-Pellissier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4133","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling","volume":"229","author":"Mantovani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007668","article-title":"Reader response: Practice guideline update recommendations summary: Disorders of consciousness: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","volume":"92","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01388-07","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to development of a protective immune response during onset of infection with Leishmania donovani","volume":"76","author":"McFarlane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301309","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 and MicroRNA-21 promote the expansion of functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076217","article-title":"Dual role of miR-21 in CD4+ T-cells: activation-induced miR-21 supports survival of memory T-cells and regulates CCR7 expression in naive T-cells","volume":"8","author":"Smigielska-Czepiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1159\/000430214","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 negatively regulates Treg cells through a TGF-\u03b21\/Smad-independent pathway in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.09.021","article-title":"miR-21 is a negative modulator of T-cell activation","volume":"107","author":"Carissimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00199.x","article-title":"Tissue granuloma structure-function in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"82","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27671","article-title":"Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated inhibition of microRNA-21 protects mice against the lethal schistosome infection by repressing both IL-13 and transforming growth factor beta 1 pathways","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.10.5320","article-title":"IL-12 is required for natural killer cell activation and subsequent T helper 1 cell development in experimental leishmaniasis","volume":"154","author":"Scharton-Kersten","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(02)00353-9","article-title":"Dendritic cells and immunity to leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis","volume":"14","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00670","article-title":"Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Dayakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803560","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in allergic airway inflammation and regulates IL-12p35 expression","volume":"182","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2014.42121","article-title":"Effects of microRNA-21 on the interleukin 12\/signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 signaling pathway in asthmatic mice","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00817.x","article-title":"Immunohistological features of visceral leishmaniasis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"28","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2624-z","article-title":"Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterisation of hepatic granulomas in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB\/c mice: a time-course study","volume":"11","author":"Salguero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-1-17","article-title":"In vivo involvement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"1","author":"Rousseau","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"2025022610320817900_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030822","article-title":"miR-21-KO Alleviates Alveolar Structural Remodeling and Inflammatory Signaling in Acute Lung Injury","volume":"21","author":"Jansing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/207\/5\/1322\/61876077\/ji2001099.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/207\/5\/1322\/61876077\/ji2001099.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T10:34:26Z","timestamp":1740566066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/207\/5\/1322\/7944424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2001099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}}}