{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:49:08Z","timestamp":1774381748438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI131302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI131302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD102050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD102050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Few studies have investigated immune cell ontogeny throughout the neonatal and early pediatric period, when there is often increased vulnerability to infections. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of two critical T cell populations, T regulatory (Treg) cells and Th17 cells, over the first 36 wk of human life. First, we observed distinct CD4+ T cells phenotypes between cord blood and peripheral blood, collected within 12 h of birth, showing that cord blood is not a surrogate for newborn blood. Second, both Treg and Th17 cells expanded in a synchronous fashion over 36 wk of life. However, comparing infants exposed to HIV in utero, but remaining uninfected, with HIV-unexposed uninfected control infants, there was a lower frequency of peripheral blood Treg cells at birth, resulting in a delayed expansion, and then declining again at 36 wk. Focusing on birth events, we found that Treg cells coexpressing CCR4 and \u03b14\u03b27 inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of CCL17 (the ligand for CCR4) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein, IL-7, and CCL20. This was in contrast with Th17 cells, which showed a positive association with these plasma analytes. Thus, despite the stereotypic expansion of both cell subsets over the first few months of life, there was a disruption in the balance of Th17 to Treg cells at birth likely being a result of gut damage and homing of newborn Treg cells from the blood circulation to the gut.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T12:20:21Z","timestamp":1637756421000},"page":"27-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stereotypic Expansion of T Regulatory and Th17 Cells during Infancy Is Disrupted by HIV Exposure and Gut Epithelial Damage"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonwabile","family":"Dzanibe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Lennard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Biology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agano","family":"Kiravu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0490-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie S S","family":"Seabrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berenice","family":"Alinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan P","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistic, Stanford University , Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6946-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A","family":"Blish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA"},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather B","family":"Jaspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute and Departments of Paediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive M","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008475307000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025021008475307000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.04.007","article-title":"Ontogeny of early life immunity","volume":"35","author":"Dowling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends 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