{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:30:11Z","timestamp":1770514211989,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD065987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD065987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Throughout gestation, the maternal immune system is tightly modulated to allow growth of a semiallogeneic fetus. During the third trimester, the maternal immune system shifts to a proinflammatory phenotype in preparation for labor. What induces this shift remains unclear. Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is shed by the placenta and enters maternal circulation throughout pregnancy. Levels of cffDNA are increased as gestation progresses and peak before labor, coinciding with a shift to proinflammatory maternal immunity. Furthermore, cffDNA is abnormally elevated in plasma from women with complications of pregnancy, including preterm labor. Given the changes in maternal immunity at the end of pregnancy and the role of sterile inflammation in the pathophysiology of spontaneous preterm birth, we hypothesized that cffDNA can act as a damage-associated molecular pattern inducing an inflammatory cytokine response that promotes hallmarks of parturition. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated human maternal leukocytes with cffDNA from primary term cytotrophoblasts or maternal plasma and observed significant IL-1\u03b2 and CXCL10 secretion, which coincides with phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 and caspase-1 cleavage. We then show that human maternal monocytes are crucial for the immune response to cffDNA and can activate bystander T cells to secrete proinflammatory IFN-\u03b3 and granzyme B. Lastly, we find that the monocyte response to cffDNA leads to vascular endothelium activation, induction of myometrial contractility, and PGE2 release in vitro. Our results suggest that the immune response to cffDNA can promote key features of the parturition cascade, which has physiologic consequences relevant to the timing of labor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T17:58:26Z","timestamp":1634579906000},"page":"2433-2444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Maternal Monocytes Respond to Cell-Free Fetal DNA and Initiate Key Processes of Human Parturition"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazanin","family":"Yeganeh Kazemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdana","family":"Fedyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shari","family":"Sutor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaroslav","family":"Fedyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetomir","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Ann L","family":"Enninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022610322474000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02174-0","article-title":"Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum","volume":"350","author":"Lo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1086\/301800","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis","volume":"62","author":"Lo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0334-x","article-title":"Non-invasive prenatal sequencing for multiple Mendelian monogenic disorders using circulating cell-free fetal DNA. [Published erratum appears in 2019 Nat. Med. 25: 701\u2013702.]","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115592714","article-title":"Cell-free fetal DNA, telomeres, and the spontaneous onset of parturition","volume":"22","author":"Phillippe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0619","article-title":"Cell-free fetal DNA and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"155","author":"van Boeckel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1404324","article-title":"Cell-free fetal DNA\u2014a trigger for parturition","volume":"370","author":"Phillippe","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R277","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0453","article-title":"Sterile inflammation and pregnancy complications: a review","volume":"152","author":"Nadeau-Vall\u00e9e","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.023","article-title":"High levels of fetal cell-free DNA in maternal serum: a risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"193","author":"Farina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2008.04.002","article-title":"Inflammatory processes in preterm and term parturition","volume":"79","author":"Christiaens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60696-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0351-2","article-title":"Immunological adaptations in pregnancy that modulate rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. [Published erratum appears in 2020 Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 16: 184.]","volume":"16","author":"F\u00f6rger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/0144361031000153756","article-title":"A study of the incidence of apoptosis in the human placental cells in the last weeks of pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Athapathu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6572","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006572","article-title":"The association between intrauterine inflammation and spontaneous vaginal delivery at term: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Houben","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120156","article-title":"Innate immune sensing and signaling of cytosolic nucleic acids","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.039","article-title":"The DNA inflammasome in human myeloid cells is initiated by a STING-cell death program upstream of NLRP3","volume":"171","author":"Gaidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12618","article-title":"The AIM2 inflammasome: Sensor of pathogens and cellular perturbations","volume":"281","author":"Lugrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72167-3_3","article-title":"TLR9-mediated recognition of DNA","volume":"183","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh053","article-title":"Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood: kinetics, source and structure","volume":"11","author":"Bischoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970130504","article-title":"Applicability of DNA isolated from syncytiotrophoblast vesicles to gene amplification and molecular analysis","volume":"13","author":"Colucci","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.040196","article-title":"Detection of fetal DNA and RNA in placenta-derived syncytiotrophoblast microparticles generated in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080414","article-title":"Membrane protected apoptotic trophoblast microparticles contain nucleic acids: relevance to preeclampsia","volume":"173","author":"Orozco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112452473","article-title":"Normal and premature rupture of fetal membranes at term delivery differ in regional chemotactic activity and related chemokine\/cytokine production","volume":"20","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.01.002","article-title":"Fetal membranes exhibit selective leukocyte chemotaxic activity during human labor","volume":"80","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(05)80187-7","article-title":"Biochemistry of myometrial contractility","volume":"6","author":"Egarter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan2263","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan2263","article-title":"Alloreactive fetal T cells promote uterine contractility in preterm labor via IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"10","author":"Frascoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524016666161013142335","article-title":"Clinical experience of non-invasive prenatal chromosomal aneuploidy testing in 190,277 patient samples","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1871-x","article-title":"An enrichment method to increase cell-free fetal DNA fraction and significantly reduce false negatives and test failures for non-invasive prenatal screening: a feasibility study","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2171","article-title":"Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Pober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1209796","article-title":"Invasion of the leukocytes into the fetal-maternal interface during pregnancy","volume":"88","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080432","article-title":"The role of chemokines in term and premature rupture of the fetal membranes: a review","volume":"82","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-S1-S8","article-title":"Maternal circulating leukocytes display early chemotactic responsiveness during late gestation","volume":"13","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2004.04.003","article-title":"Expression and localization of cell adhesion molecules in human fetal membranes during parturition","volume":"63","author":"Osman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.229","article-title":"Leukocytes infiltrate the myometrium during human parturition: further evidence that labour is an inflammatory process","volume":"14","author":"Thomson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.011403","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta induces calcium transients and enhances basal and store operated calcium entry in human myometrial smooth muscle","volume":"68","author":"Tribe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3160","article-title":"Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring\u2019s health","volume":"19","author":"Arck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.08.032","article-title":"Term labor is associated with a core inflammatory response in human fetal membranes, myometrium, and cervix","volume":"200","author":"Bollopragada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0010089","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and parturition","volume":"1","author":"Kelly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-7-S1-S7","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways in the mechanism of parturition","volume":"7","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(94)90162-7","article-title":"Cytokine levels in amniotic fluid and inflammatory changes in the placenta from normal deliveries at term","volume":"56","author":"Halgunset","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag001","article-title":"Leukocyte density and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human fetal membranes, decidua, cervix and myometrium before and during labour at term","volume":"9","author":"Osman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2001.d01-11.x","article-title":"IL-1beta and IL-8 in human fetal membranes: changes with gestational age, labor, and culture conditions","volume":"46","author":"Elliott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020575","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta induces phosphodiesterase 4B2 expression in human myometrial cells through a prostaglandin E2- and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent pathway","volume":"87","author":"Oger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91619-L","article-title":"Origin of cervical collagenase during parturition","volume":"166","author":"Osmers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.1.96","article-title":"Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human myometrium during labour: a cytokine-mediated process in uterine smooth muscle cells","volume":"6","author":"Roh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.005116","article-title":"Increased level of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the ripening process of the human cervix","volume":"67","author":"Stygar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.2.445","article-title":"Immunolocalization of proinflammatory cytokines in myometrium, cervix, and fetal membranes during human parturition at term","volume":"66","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12074","article-title":"Evidence for a role for the adaptive immune response in human term parturition","volume":"69","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_371_18","article-title":"Effect of cell-free fetal DNA on spontaneous preterm labor","volume":"10","author":"Darghahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.02.009","article-title":"Cell-free DNA fetal fraction and preterm birth","volume":"215","author":"Dugoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103454","article-title":"TLR9 provokes inflammation in response to fetal DNA: mechanism for fetal loss in preterm birth and preeclampsia","volume":"188","author":"Scharfe-Nugent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.02.016","article-title":"Inflammation-mediated generation and inflammatory potential of human placental cell-free fetal DNA","volume":"93","author":"van Boeckel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13483","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13483","article-title":"Increased cell-free fetal DNA release after apoptosis and sterile inflammation in human trophoblast cells","volume":"2021","author":"Kazemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4531","article-title":"Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"168","author":"Hornung","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9577","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29766","article-title":"Elevated cell-free fetal DNA contributes to placental inflammation and antiangiogenesis via AIM2 and IFI16 during pre-eclampsia","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.02.014","article-title":"Structures of the HIN domain:DNA complexes reveal ligand binding and activation mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome and IFI16 receptor","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.04.019","article-title":"Specific inflammatory microenvironments in the zones of the fetal membranes at term delivery","volume":"205","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.11.008","article-title":"Differential distribution of CD4(+)CD25(bright) and CD8(+)CD28(-) T-cells in decidua and maternal blood during human pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Tilburgs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2008.12.006","article-title":"Decidual CD8+CD28- T cells express CD103 but not perforin","volume":"70","author":"Tilburgs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903597","article-title":"Human decidual tissue contains differentiated CD8+ effector-memory T cells with unique properties","volume":"185","author":"Tilburgs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2013.0062","article-title":"High-dose interferon-\u03b3 promotes abortion in mice by suppressing Treg and Th17 polarization","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.10.027","article-title":"Interferon gamma is involved in apoptosis of trophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface following Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r62","first-page":"235","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecule expression in the cervix and myometrium during pregnancy and parturition","volume":"97","author":"Ledingham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.072","article-title":"Preterm labor is induced by intraamniotic infusions of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by interleukin-6 or interleukin-8 in a nonhuman primate model","volume":"195","author":"Sadowsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70450-7","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and the effects of inflammatory mediators on prostaglandin production by myometrial cells from pregnant women","volume":"174","author":"Pollard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802442","article-title":"The immunostimulatory activity of unmethylated and methylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide is dependent on their ability to colocalize with TLR9 in late endosomes","volume":"184","author":"de Jong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025022610322474000_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2017.968","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA concentration and DNase I activity of peripheral blood plasma change in case of pregnancy with intrauterine growth restriction compared to normal pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Ershova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/207\/10\/2433\/61875615\/ji2100649.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/207\/10\/2433\/61875615\/ji2100649.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T10:44:11Z","timestamp":1740566651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/207\/10\/2433\/7952649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2100649","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}}}