{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:29:17Z","timestamp":1792099757513,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VR1-172711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR1-172711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ontario Together"},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Reserch","award":["RIS-COV RN419944-439999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIS-COV RN419944-439999"]}]},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarships"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces T cell, B cell, and Ab responses that are detected for several months in recovered individuals. Whether this response resembles a typical respiratory viral infection is a matter of debate. In this study, we followed T cell and Ab responses in 24 mainly nonhospitalized human subjects who had recovered from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at two time points (median of 45 and 145 d after symptom onset). Ab responses were detected in 95% of subjects, with a strong correlation between plasma and salivary anti-spike (anti-S) and anti\u2014receptor binding domain IgG, as well as a correlation between circulating T follicular helper cells and the SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific IgG response. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides were determined using intracellular cytokine staining, activation markers, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. All study subjects had a T cell response to at least one SARS-CoV-2 Ag based on at least one T cell assay. CD4+ responses were largely of the Th1 phenotype, but with a lower ratio of IFN-\u03b3\u2013 to IL-2\u2013producing cells and a lower frequency of CD8+:CD4+ T cells than in influenza A virus (IAV)-specific memory responses within the same subjects. Analysis of secreted molecules also revealed a lower ratio of IFN-\u03b3 to IL-2 and an altered cytotoxic profile for SARS-CoV-2 S- and nucleocapsid-specific responses compared with IAV-specific responses. These data suggest that the memory T cell phenotype after a single infection with SARS-CoV-2 persists over time, with an altered cytokine and cytotoxicity profile compared with long-term memory to whole IAV within the same subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T12:10:14Z","timestamp":1639397414000},"page":"429-443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Persistence of T Cell and Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Up to 9 Months after Symptom Onset"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Jaclyn C","family":"Law","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary Y C","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley A","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baweleta","family":"Isho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavisha","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. 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Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7369-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario A","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, UnityHealth , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Gommerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Claude","family":"Gingras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. 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