{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1772455136727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001805","name":"Poudre Valley Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Immune response dysregulation plays a key role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis. In this study, we evaluated immune and endothelial blood cell profiles of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to determine critical differences between those with mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19 using spectral flow cytometry. We examined a suite of immune phenotypes, including monocytes, T cells, NK cells, B cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils, alongside surface and intracellular markers of activation. Our results showed progressive lymphopenia and depletion of T cell subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) in patients with severe disease and a significant increase in the CD56+CD14+Ki67+IFN-\u03b3+ monocyte population in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 that has not been previously described. Enhanced circulating endothelial cells (CD45\u2212CD31+CD34+CD146+), circulating endothelial progenitors (CD45\u2212CD31+CD34+\/\u2212CD146\u2212), and neutrophils (CD11b+CD66b+) were coevaluated for COVID-19 severity. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated the synergism among age, obesity, and hypertension with upregulated CD56+ monocytes, endothelial cells, and decreased T cells that lead to severe outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Circulating monocytes and endothelial cells may represent important cellular markers for monitoring postacute sequelae and impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection during convalescence and for their role in immune host defense in high-risk adults after vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T17:45:19Z","timestamp":1641404719000},"page":"685-696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comprehensive Immune Profiling Reveals CD56+ Monocytes and CD31+ Endothelial Cells Are Increased in Severe COVID-19 Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taru S","family":"Dutt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M","family":"LaVergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy L","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget A","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Stromberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"McFann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies , Loveland, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailey","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Alnachoukati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies , Loveland, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Zier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies , Loveland, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies , Loveland, CO"},{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Henao-Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth P","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008521028000_r1","volume-title":"COVID-19 Map","author":"The John Hopkins University School of Medicine"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. [Published erratum appears in 2020 Nature 580: E7.]","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.8193","article-title":"Variation in US hospital mortality rates for patients admitted with COVID-19 during the first 6 months of the pandemic","volume":"181","author":"Asch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216556","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.6556","article-title":"Mortality among US patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020","volume":"4","author":"Finelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7010e4","article-title":"Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death\u2014United States, March\u2013December 2020","volume":"70","author":"Kompaniyets","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105941","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"167","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6948a3","article-title":"Disproportionate incidence of COVID-19 infection, hospitalizations, and deaths among persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino - Denver, Colorado March\u2013October 2020","volume":"69","author":"Podewils","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.030","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-host dynamics: Increased risk of adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in obesity","volume":"14","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","article-title":"Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission","volume":"71","author":"Lighter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1723","article-title":"Racial disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality are driven by unequal infection risks","volume":"72","author":"Zelner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa638","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa638","article-title":"Risk of clinical severity by age and race\/ethnicity among adults hospitalized for COVID-19\u2014United States, March\u2013September 2020","volume":"8","author":"Pennington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab090","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab090","article-title":"Acute symptoms of mild to moderate COVID-19 are highly heterogeneous across individuals and over time","volume":"8","author":"Rodebaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2703.204543","article-title":"Antibody responses 8 months after asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Choe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00902-8","article-title":"Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection","volume":"22","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7560","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207560","article-title":"Time between symptom onset, hospitalisation and recovery or death: statistical analysis of Belgian COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Faes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125106","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.125106","article-title":"Immune parameters and outcomes during Ebola virus disease","volume":"4","author":"Reynard","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7010011","article-title":"T-cell response to viral hemorrhagic fevers","volume":"7","author":"Perdomo-Celis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa268","article-title":"Ebola-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in Sierra Leonean Ebola virus survivors with or without post-Ebola sequelae","volume":"222","author":"LaVergne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.026","article-title":"Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs dendritic cell and T cell responses","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.001","article-title":"Imbalance of regulatory and cytotoxic SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells in COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Meckiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002","article-title":"Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science","volume":"52","author":"Vabret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0343-0","article-title":"COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. [Published erratum appears in 2020 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20: 448.]","volume":"20","author":"Teuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab198","article-title":"Emergence of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus variant with novel genomic architecture in Hong Kong","volume":"73","author":"Tse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8511","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","article-title":"Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications","volume":"369","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1038-6","article-title":"A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis. [Published errata appear in 2020 Nat. Med. 26: 1663 and 2020 Nat. Med. 26: 1951.]","volume":"26","author":"Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.020","article-title":"Distinct early serological signatures track with SARS-CoV-2 survival","volume":"53","author":"Atyeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.008","article-title":"COVID-19 immune signatures reveal stable antiviral T cell function despite declining humoral responses","volume":"54","author":"Bonifacius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000524","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00524-2020","article-title":"Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.012","article-title":"Suppressed T cell-mediated immunity in patients with COVID-19: a clinical retrospective study in Wuhan, China","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9","article-title":"An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival","volume":"26","author":"Del Valle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e3282f269b9","article-title":"The endothelium in acute lung injury\/acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Maniatis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa528","article-title":"Circulating endothelial cells as a marker of endothelial injury in severe COVID -19","volume":"222","author":"Guervilly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.014","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 infection associated with endothelial activation","volume":"190","author":"Escher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.99.6.2123","article-title":"Biosynthesis of von Willebrand protein by human endothelial cells: processing steps and their intracellular localization","volume":"99","author":"Wagner","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00483-y","article-title":"Thromboembolic disease in COVID-19 patients: a brief narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892","article-title":"CD56 in the immune system: more than a marker for cytotoxicity?","volume":"8","author":"Van Acker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.08.292","article-title":"Activation-induced expression of CD56 by T cells is associated with a reprogramming of cytolytic activity and cytokine secretion profile in vitro","volume":"67","author":"Kelly-Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23037","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.23037","article-title":"CD56 marks human dendritic cell subsets with cytotoxic potential","volume":"2","author":"Roothans","year":"2013","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.01.020","article-title":"Increased numbers of tumor-lysing monocytes in cancer patients","volume":"337","author":"Papewalis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20025","article-title":"Increased subpopulations of CD16(+) and CD56(+) blood monocytes in patients with active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Grip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4321","article-title":"CD56+ monocytes have a dysregulated cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide and accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis and immunosenescence","volume":"15","author":"Krasselt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.07.022","article-title":"Development and validation of the quick COVID-19 severity index: a prognostic tool for early clinical decompensation","volume":"76","author":"Haimovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06359-2","article-title":"A longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 biorepository for COVID-19 survivors with and without post-acute sequelae","volume":"21","author":"LaVergne","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1002\/cpcy.74","article-title":"Acquisition of high-quality spectral flow cytometry data","volume":"93","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cytom."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13108","article-title":"Preservation of neutralizing antibody function in COVID-19 convalescent plasma treated using a riboflavin and ultraviolet light-based pathogen reduction technology","volume":"116","author":"Yonemura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64516-0","article-title":"Cyto-feature engineering: a pipeline for flow cytometry analysis to uncover immune populations and associations with disease","volume":"10","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15044","article-title":"Circulating endothelial progenitors are increased in COVID-19 patients and correlate with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in severe cases","volume":"18","author":"Mancuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00397-4","article-title":"Neutrophils in respiratory viral infections","volume":"14","author":"Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107233","article-title":"Neutrophils and COVID-19: The road so far","volume":"90","author":"Cavalcante-Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003568","article-title":"A neutrophil activation signature predicts critical illness and mortality in COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Meizlish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165974","article-title":"The age-related risk of severe outcomes due to COVID-19 infection: a rapid review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"17","author":"Romero Starke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.03.010","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccines and new mutant strains impacting the pandemic","volume":"68","author":"Matta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01874","article-title":"Perturbation of the monocyte compartment in human obesity","volume":"10","author":"Friedrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.58928","article-title":"Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications","volume":"13","author":"Ellulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476380","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/476380","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Emanuela","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139239","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/139239","article-title":"Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: cells, cytokines, and chemokines","volume":"2013","author":"Makki","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02660-w","article-title":"Immune cell-derived cytokines contribute to obesity-related inflammation, fibrogenesis and metabolic deregulation in human adipose tissue","volume":"7","author":"Ca\u00ebr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00213-0","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 and aging: are monocytes the key?","volume":"42","author":"Pence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138554","article-title":"Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent","volume":"130","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00339","article-title":"Influence of inflammation in the process of T lymphocyte differentiation: proliferative, metabolic, and oxidative changes","volume":"9","author":"Moro-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.06.007","article-title":"Role of vascular cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte apoptosis in the lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x","article-title":"High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00517-3","article-title":"Prognostic value of lymphocyte count in severe COVID-19 patients with corticosteroid treatment","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110320","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor ACE2 mediated endothelial dysfunction leads to vascular thrombosis in COVID-19 patients","volume":"145","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701278","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.701278","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025021008521028000_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.61810","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and dysfunction, immune activation in severe COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/208\/3\/685\/61465539\/ji2100830.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/208\/3\/685\/61465539\/ji2100830.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T08:52:36Z","timestamp":1739177556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/208\/3\/685\/7924461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2100830","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}