{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:15:02Z","timestamp":1790511302570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI001013-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI001013-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pulmonary infections elicit a combination of tissue-resident and circulating T cell responses. Understanding the contribution of these anatomically distinct cellular pools in protective immune responses is critical for vaccine development. Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent bacterium capable of causing lethal systemic disease following pulmonary infection for which there is no currently licensed vaccine. Although T cells are required for survival of F. tularensis infection, the relative contribution of tissue-resident and circulating T cells is not completely understood, hampering design of effective, long-lasting vaccines directed against this bacterium. We have previously shown that resident T cells were not sufficient to protect against F. tularensis, suggesting circulating cells may serve a critical role in host defense. To elucidate the role of circulating T cells, we used a model of vaccination and challenge of parabiotic mice. Intranasally infected naive mice conjoined to immune animals had increased numbers of circulating memory T cells and similar splenic bacterial burdens as vaccinated\u2013vaccinated pairs. However, bacterial loads in the lungs of naive parabionts were significantly greater than those observed in vaccinated\u2013vaccinated pairs, but despite early control of F. tularensis replication, all naive\u2013vaccinated pairs succumbed to infection. Together, these data define the specific roles of circulating and resident T cells in defense against infection that is initiated in the pulmonary compartment but ultimately causes disseminated disease. These data also provide evidence for employing vaccination strategies that elicit both pools of T cells for immunity against F. tularensis and may be a common theme for other disseminating bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T17:30:20Z","timestamp":1644600620000},"page":"1180-1188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Circulating T Cells Are Not Sufficient for Protective Immunity against Virulent <i>Francisella tularensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Lydia M","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara D","family":"Wehrly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Leighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2300-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7567-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Lovaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine M","family":"Bosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008570544200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1961.03620050068007","article-title":"Tularemia vaccine study. 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