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DIVAC has similar effect also in human Ramos Burkitt lymphoma cells. The DIVAC-induced stalling is weakly associated with an increase in the detection of ssDNA bubbles in the mutating target gene. We did not find evidence for antisense transcription, or that DIVAC functions by altering levels of H3K27ac or the histone variant H3.3 in the mutating gene. These findings argue for a connection between Pol II stalling and cis-acting targeting elements in the context of SHM and thus define a mechanistic basis for locus-specific targeting of SHM in the genome. Our results suggest that DIVAC elements render the target gene a suitable platform for AID-mediated mutation without a requirement for increasing transcriptional output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T15:25:16Z","timestamp":1638545116000},"page":"143-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Ig Enhancers Increase RNA Polymerase II Stalling at Somatic Hypermutation Target Sequences"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Tarsalainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaakov","family":"Maman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University , Safed,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Long","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Harvard University , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7374-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna K","family":"Kyl\u00e4niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Soikkeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-6806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Budzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica J","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"\u0160enigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Praha,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-1271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic W","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Harvard University , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5669-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9926-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jukka","family":"Alinikula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008473098000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00078-7","article-title":"Class-switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme","volume":"102","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025021008473098000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18470","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.26.18470","article-title":"Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells","volume":"274","author":"Muramatsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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