{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:43:18Z","timestamp":1784724198826,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1149990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1149990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1162760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1162760"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Understanding the generation of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in lymphoid tissues draining the site of infection has implications for immunity to SARS-CoV-2. We performed tonsil biopsies under local anesthesia in 19 subjects who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection 24\u2013225 d previously. The biopsies yielded &amp;gt;3 million cells for flow cytometric analysis in 17 subjects. Total and SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific germinal center B cells, and T follicular helper cells, were readily detectable in human tonsils early after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as assessed by flow cytometry. Responses were higher in samples within 2 mo of infection but still detectable in some subjects out to 7 mo following infection. We conclude the tonsils are a secondary lymphoid organ that develop germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and could play a role in the long-term development of immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2101199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T14:55:13Z","timestamp":1651244113000},"page":"2267-2271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cutting Edge: SARS-CoV-2 Infection Induces Robust Germinal Center Activity in the Human Tonsil"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Hyon-Xhi","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M","family":"Wragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah G","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Esterbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8004-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery, Epworth Healthcare , Richmond, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jillian S Y","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie L","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Tasmania,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Tasmania,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien E","family":"van de Sandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Kedzierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James H","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam K","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Juno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-4891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University , Melbourne, 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