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In teleost fish, we previously reported the presence of a nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) characterized by scattered immune cells located in the trout olfactory lamellae. This diffuse NALT mounts innate and adaptive immune responses to nasal infection or vaccination. In mammals, lymphoid structures such as adenoids and tonsils support affinity maturation of the adaptive immune response in the nasopharyngeal cavity. These structures, known as organized NALT (O-NALT), have not been identified in teleost fish to date, but their evolutionary forerunners exist in sarcopterygian fish. In this study, we report that the rainbow trout nasal cavity is lined with a lymphoepithelium that extends from the most dorsal opening of the nares to the ventral nasal cavity. Within the nasal lymphoepithelium we found lymphocyte aggregates called O-NALT in this study that are composed of \u223c 56% CD4+, 24% IgM+, 16% CD8\u03b1+, and 4% IgT+ lymphocytes and that have high constitutive aicda mRNA expression. Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with live attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus triggers expansions of B and T cells and aicda expression in response to primary i.n. vaccination. IgM+ B cells undergo proliferation and apoptosis within O-NALT upon prime but not boost i.n. vaccination. Our results suggest that novel mucosal microenvironments such as O-NALT may be involved in the affinity maturation of the adaptive immune response in early vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T05:03:30Z","timestamp":1672722210000},"page":"2215-2226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Novel Organized Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Teleosts That Expresses Molecular Markers Characteristic of Mammalian Germinal Centers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Casadei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Ress\u00e9guier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2175-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth D","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5499-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A","family":"Castrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM"},{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Producci\u00f3n Animal y Ciencias Cl\u00ednicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021101005928900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-120419-022408","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"40","author":"Victora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. 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